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| HS Code | 748430 |
| Chemical Name | Isopropyl Alcohol (Propan-2-ol) |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Mild alcoholic, slightly musty |
| Purity | ≥ 99.5% |
| Boiling Point | 82.5 °C (180.5 °F) |
| Melting Point | -89.5 °C (-129.1 °F) |
| Flash Point | 11.7 °C (53.1 °F) closed cup |
| Vapor Pressure | 4.4 kPa at 20 °C |
| Specific Gravity | 0.786 at 20 °C (water=1) |
| Solubility In Water | Miscible |
As an accredited Evonik Isopropyl Alcohol factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Evonik Isopropyl Alcohol packaging: 1 L HDPE bottle with secure, labeled cap, ensuring safe handling, storage, and dispensing. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: 20ft container loaded with palletized drums/IBCs of Evonik IPA, secured, ventilated, and grounded for safe transport. |
| Shipping | Evonik Isopropyl Alcohol is shipped as a flammable liquid (UN1219) in properly grounded, sealed containers. Transport complies with IATA, IMDG, and DOT regulations. Ensure secure upright positioning, adequate ventilation, and clear hazard labeling. Avoid ignition sources during loading and transit. |
| Storage | Store Evonik Isopropyl Alcohol in tightly sealed, approved containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, open flames, and strong oxidizers. Keep containers grounded and bonded to prevent static discharge. Protect from direct sunlight and ensure secondary containment to manage spills. Follow all local flammable liquid storage regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 24 months when stored tightly sealed, away from heat, flames, and direct sunlight. |
In high-reliability printed circuit board assembly, removal of rosin-based (RA/RMA) and no-clean flux residues from ball grid array (BGA) footprints and 0.4-mm pitch leadless packages is performed with isopropanol-based blends in automated under-stencil wipe modules and in-line spray cleaners equipped with 0.5–1.0 MPa nozzles. The solvent blend typically contains 85–95 wt% Evonik isopropanol, with the balance deionized water at 18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity and 0.2–0.5 wt% non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant; the water fraction suppresses flash point while maintaining Hansen solubility parameters within the flux rosin dispersion zone (δD≈15.8 MPa0.5, δP≈6.1 MPa0.5, δH≈16.4 MPa0.5 for IPA). Cleaning efficacy is verified by ionic contamination testing per IPC-TM-650 2.3.28, with acceptable residue levels below 1.56 µg/cm² NaCl equivalence for Class 3 assemblies under J-STD-001H. The process window for immersion cleaning is bounded by the flash point of the blend: at 85 wt% IPA, the closed-cup flash point rises to approximately 18–21 °C compared with 12 °C for the neat solvent (ASTM D3278). Equipment observed on production lines includes 40 kHz ultrasonic tanks with variable-frequency sweep to prevent standing-wave cavitation damage on wire bonds, and vapor degreasers operating at 82.3 °C maximum vapor temperature when azeotropic IPA-water mixtures are used. Failure modes include solder mask lifting after extended exposure beyond 15 min at 60 °C in high-water blends, and residue entrapment under low-standoff components when nozzle pressure drops below 0.3 MPa. Technical-grade IPA typically has acidity below 0.002 wt% as acetic acid and non-volatile residue below 10 ppm; published data for specific Evonik-grade lot-to-lot variance is limited, and certificates should be consulted. Operators validate batch-to-batch consistency by gas chromatography per ASTM D3760 and Karl Fischer titration per ASTM E203 for water content before release to automated cleaning equipment.
The antimicrobial mechanism of isopropanol is protein denaturation and membrane disruption, with optimal aqueous activity for Evonik isopropanol observed in the 60–70 vol% range rather than at higher anhydrous concentrations; this concentration-dependent effect is documented in suspension tests following EN 14476 for polio- and adenovirus surrogates. In pharmaceutical cleanrooms, surface disinfection is performed with 70 vol% IPA (approximately 65 wt%) prepared from USP-grade isopropanol and Water for Injection (WFI) in stainless-steel jacketed vessels at 20–25 °C. The contact time required for 4 log₁₀ reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 30–60 s at 20 °C according to EN 13697; for non-enveloped viruses such as murine norovirus, the contact time extends to 5 min. Isopropanol is also used in aseptic hand sanitizers at 75% v/v final concentration, with formulation containing 0.5 wt% glycerol as humectant and 0.1 wt% hydrogen peroxide as sporicidal booster; efficacy against Escherichia coli is tested by ASTM E2315 Time-Kill at 15, 30, and 60 s. Production bottlenecks include latent heat of vaporization at 664 kJ/kg, which can cause surface cooling below dew point in cleanrooms with >60% RH, necessitating pre-warmed IPA at 25–30 °C to avoid condensation. Stainless-steel 316L distribution piping must avoid elastomers with low IPA compatibility; EPDM and PTFE gaskets are preferred over nitrile rubber, which swells more than 8% after 7-day immersion at 25 °C. Analytical release of IPA for pharmaceutical use includes identity by infrared spectroscopy per USP <197>, assay ≥99.0% by GC per USP <611>, water content ≤0.5% per USP <921> Method Ic, and non-volatile residue ≤50 ppm per USP <281>.
| Standard | Matrix | Performance Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| EN 14476 | Virucidal suspension | 4 log₁₀ reduction at 60–70 vol% IPA, 5 min contact |
| EN 13697 | Surface disinfection | 4 log₁₀ reduction of P. aeruginosa at 30–60 s |
| ASTM E2315 | Time-kill assay | 3 log₁₀ reduction of E. coli at 15 s |
| USP <1072> | Disinfectant qualification | Contact time and concentration bracketing per facility SOP |
When water-based flexographic inks on polyethylene film exhibit premature drying on the anilox roll and doctor blade chatter, isopropanol is added as a retarding co-solvent at 2–10 wt% of ink formulation, with the balance acrylic emulsion binder (35–45 wt%), water (40–50 wt%), pigment dispersion (10–15 wt%), and additives. The addition of Evonik isopropanol lowers the dynamic surface tension of the ink to 28–32 mN/m at 25 °C, as measured by ASTM D3825 bubble pressure tensiometry, which improves wetting on corona-treated LDPE at 38–42 dyn/cm surface energy. Viscosity adjustment to 22–28 s using a Zahn cup #2 at 25 °C is typical for 800–1000 LPI anilox rolls with cell volume 3.5–5.0 BCM/in²; excess IPA above 15 wt% causes resin shock and viscosity instability in alkaline acrylic systems with pH <8.5. Printing speed is limited by the evaporation rate of IPA relative to n-propyl acetate; at 30 °C and 50% RH, an 8 wt% IPA ink retains a stable viscosity window of 45–60 min before replenishment. Solvent recovery from flexographic dryers uses activated carbon beds with steam regeneration; IPA breakthrough at 75 °C bed temperature requires condensation at 10 °C and fractional distillation to recover ≥95% purity. Acrylic resin solubility parameters (δD≈18.8, δP≈10.5, δH≈7.8 MPa0.5) define the co-solvent tolerance window; exceeding 12 wt% ethanol in replacement blends causes cratering in reverse-printed polypropylene, while Evonik IPA maintains film levelling without amine blush. Compliance for food packaging inks includes Swiss Ordinance SR 817.023.21 and EU Regulation 10/2011 with migration limits for residual IPA at 60 mg/kg food simulant.
Reactive distillation of Evonik isopropanol with acetic acid over Amberlyst 15 sulfonic acid resin at 80–110 °C produces isopropyl acetate with equilibrium conversion limited by esterification thermodynamics; the liquid-phase reaction reaches 65–70% conversion in a single pass, with the azeotrope of isopropyl acetate (bp 88.6 °C) and water (bp 100 °C) removed overhead at 75–80 °C under atmospheric pressure. The molar feed ratio is typically 1.2:1 isopropanol:acetic acid to shift equilibrium toward ester; excess alcohol is recovered via a downstream distillation column at 82.3 °C and recycled. The reactive distillation column contains structured packing with catalyst bales in the reaction zone, liquid holdup 0.2–0.3 m³/m³, and operates at a reflux ratio of 3–5:1. Water inhibition of Amberlyst 15 occurs above 5 wt% water in the reaction zone, reducing sulfonic acid site activity and requiring resin regeneration at 10–15 bed volumes of dry IPA. When an IPA grade with water content ≤0.05 wt% is used, catalyst turnover frequency remains above 0.8 h⁻¹; technical-grade IPA with 0.5 wt% water decreases conversion by 8–12% under identical conditions. The product ester is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize residual acetic acid, dried, and distilled to ≥99.5% purity for use as a solvent in nitrocellulose lacquers. Published data for specific Evonik-grade performance in this configuration is limited, but industrial batch records indicate that low mineral acidity (<0.002 wt%) prevents premature resin deactivation.
For botanical extraction processes, Evonik isopropanol is used in a Soxhlet apparatus at 6–8 cycles/h using a 1:10 w/v plant-to-solvent ratio under a nitrogen blanket to prevent peroxide formation. Isopropanol at 82.3 °C boiling point extracts caffeine, capsaicin, and thymol with recoveries of 85–95% after 6–8 h, depending on particle size distribution (250–500 µm). The solvent is removed by rotary evaporation at 40–50 °C under 20–30 kPa vacuum, then residual IPA below 500 ppm is achieved by forced-air drying at 60 °C for 12 h. In supercritical CO₂ extraction, IPA serves as a polar co-solvent at 2–5 wt% to modify the solubility parameter of scCO₂ (δ≈15.5 MPa0.5 at 30 MPa, 50 °C), raising recovery of flavonoids such as quercetin from 3% to 12% compared with neat CO₂. Compliance for food extracts includes FDA 21 CFR 173.280 for extraction solvent residues, with an IPA residue limit of 50 ppm in final extracts intended for dietary supplements. Equipment compatibility with 316L stainless steel and fluoropolymer seals is required; prolonged exposure to IPA at 80 °C causes swelling of EPDM gaskets beyond 10% linear dimension.
Windshield washer formulations containing Evonik isopropanol, water, and anionic surfactant rely on freezing-point depression data measured by ASTM D1177, with a 30 vol% IPA solution exhibiting a freezing point of approximately -10 °C and a 50 vol% solution approximately -30 °C; the exact relationship is non-linear due to hydrogen bonding between IPA and water. The formulation is blended in batch tanks with recirculation at 20–30 °C, with target pH 7.0–8.0 adjusted by citric acid to reduce aluminum corrosion; tests per ASTM D1384 for engine coolant compatibility apply to washer fluid wetted parts. IPA is preferred over methanol in passenger vehicles because its flash point of 12 °C (ASTM D3278) permits safer storage in engine compartments, though concentrations above 40 vol% require closed-loop dispensing to prevent vapour accumulation above 2.0 vol% lower flammable limit. The addition of 0.1–0.3 wt% non-ionic block copolymer surfactant maintains streak-free spreading on hydrophobic glass, and 0.05 wt% BIT/MIT preservative prevents microbial growth in dilute summer formulations. Production line failures occur when IPA-rich winter blends are pumped through polycarbonate reservoir sight glasses, causing stress cracking within 200 h at 25 °C; acrylic (PMMA) and polyamide 6,6 show better compatibility. Automotive OEM specifications such as GMW 17076 and VW TL 521 52 define maximum IPA content of 40 wt% to avoid paint damage from overspray.
In analytical laboratories, Evonik isopropanol is used as a mobile phase modifier in liquid chromatography at 1–5 vol% and as a protein precipitation agent in biological sample preparation at a 2:1 IPA-to-plasma ratio, with analytical verification per ASTM E2881 for residual solvent analysis.
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Evonik Industries AG supplies isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol, CAS 67-63-0) as a clear, colourless, water-miscible oxygenated solvent. The product is identified in technical documentation by chemical name, purity grade, and batch-specific certificate of analysis rather than by a numerical model designation; typical descriptors include low-water, technical, and pharmacopoeial grades. Physical properties of the anhydrous material include a molar mass of 60.10 g/mol, density of 0.785 g/cm³ at 20 °C, normal boiling point of 82.3 °C, closed-cup flash point of 12 °C as determined by DIN EN ISO 2719, vapour pressure of 4.4 kPa at 20 °C, and dynamic viscosity of approximately 2.4 mPa·s at 20 °C. The lower and upper explosion limits in air are 2.0 vol% and 12.7 vol%, respectively. A low-water technical grade commonly carries specification limits of isopropanol content not less than 99.5 wt%, water content not more than 0.1 wt%, non-volatile residue not more than 10 mg/L, acidity below 0.002 wt% as acetic acid, and colour below 10 APHA. Release analytics typically include gas chromatography under the product specification framework of ASTM D770, water determination by ASTM D6304 Karl Fischer titration, non-volatile residue by ASTM D1353, acidity by ASTM D1613, and colour by ASTM D1209. Because isopropanol forms a binary azeotrope with water at approximately 80.3 °C and 87.7 wt% alcohol, simple atmospheric distillation cannot produce the anhydrous grade; molecular sieve dehydration or comparable azeotropic separation is required to achieve water concentrations below 0.1 wt%. This is a technical distinction relevant to batch-to-batch consistency when the solvent is specified for moisture-sensitive formulations.
| Parameter | Representative limit | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol content | ≥99.5 wt% | ASTM D770 specification framework |
| Water content | ≤0.1 wt% | ASTM D6304 Karl Fischer titration |
| Non-volatile residue | ≤10 mg/L | ASTM D1353 |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ≤0.002 wt% | ASTM D1613 |
| Colour | ≤10 APHA | ASTM D1209 |
The table lists representative control limits for a low-water technical-grade isopropanol; certificate-of-analysis limits for a specific Evonik batch may use equivalent DIN or ISO procedures and may be narrower for pharmaceutical or electronic grades.
Evonik isopropyl alcohol in high-purity cleaning applications is differentiated from general-purpose technical-grade IPA principally by controlled non-volatile residue, low aldehyde and ketone content, low chloride and sulfate, and a consistent water specification. In medical device and electronics cleaning, a residue specification of not more than 10 mg/L measured by ASTM D1353 is frequently required; commodity technical grades may carry higher residue and are not controlled for ionic contaminants. The Hansen hydrogen-bonding parameter of isopropanol is approximately 16.4 MPa0.5, which supports the removal of rosin-based flux residues and moderately polar oils without the health and environmental restrictions associated with halogenated solvents. The product can be used in wipe cleaning, immersion cleaning, and ultrasonic processes where the bath is maintained below 30 °C. Because the closed-cup flash point is 12 °C, engineering controls must keep vapour concentration below 10% of the lower explosion limit, i.e. below 0.2 vol%, under IEC 60079-10-1 area classification. The use of nitrogen blanketing on storage tanks and local exhaust ventilation at vapour-generating stations is a normal downstream requirement. Published data for the specific ionic impurity profile of the Evonik grade should be taken from the batch certificate; the values above are typical of high-purity isopropanol sold into precision cleaning.
In immersion cleaning of printed circuit assemblies, Evonik isopropyl alcohol is charged into a 40 kHz ultrasonic tank constructed from 316L stainless steel with a cooling coil to maintain bath temperature near 20–25 °C. The cleaning sequence typically consists of an initial immersion of 3–5 min, a second rinse in a clean solvent reservoir, and a filtered air or nitrogen dry step at 0.3–0.6 MPa. Filtration through a 0.2 µm PTFE membrane is used to remove particulate debris and flux residues that accumulate in the bath. The low water content of the product reduces the risk of whitening or ionic migration on moisture-sensitive substrates. Polypropylene and EPDM seal materials are preferred for tank lids and pump diaphragms; natural rubber and butyl rubber components show excessive swelling in isopropanol service and are not recommended. The effectiveness of the process is monitored by solvent cleanliness tests and by measuring post-clean surface insulation resistance in accordance with IPC-TM-650 method 2.6.3.3. Published data for the specific cleaning of leadless microelectronic packages with this solvent is limited; therefore, each substrate population should be qualified by cleanliness verification rather than by analogy to conventional through-hole assemblies.
In pharmaceutical equipment cleaning, Evonik isopropyl alcohol is used as a final wipedown solvent on stainless steel surfaces after aqueous cleaning. The cleaned surface is contacted with a lint-free polyester wipe saturated to approximately 0.2–0.3 L/m². The solvent removes low-level organic residues and leaves a rapid-drying surface when the area is ventilated at an air change rate of at least 20 h⁻¹. Residual solvent validation must be performed under ICH Q3C guidance; isopropanol is a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day. Wipe samples are commonly analyzed by headspace gas chromatography, and acceptance limits for swab recovery are established per batch validation, typically requiring recovery factors between 70% and 120%. The product should not be used on acrylic inspection windows because stress cracking may occur; glass and PTFE-protected sight glasses are preferred.
Isopropanol undergoes slow atmospheric oxidation to acetone and hydrogen peroxide when stored for prolonged periods in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, drums and bulk storage tanks should be inerted with nitrogen and kept closed when not in use; storage temperatures should remain below 25 °C and away from direct sunlight. Peroxide concentration in material older than 12 months should be retested before use in pharmaceutical or electronic applications; conventional iodometric titration detects peroxide levels and is recommended when the solvent will contact oxidizable substrates. The solvent is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, isocyanates, and concentrated acids. In closed mixing vessels, the maximum operating temperature should be held at least 10 °C below the flash point unless inerting is provided. The corrosion behaviour of aluminium in hot isopropanol is a known limitation; 304 and 316L stainless steel are preferred for long-term service. Polyethylene and polypropylene are acceptable for short-term storage, but fluoropolymer or metal containers are recommended when low extractables are critical. These boundaries are based on standard industrial solvent handling guidance rather than on a proprietary Evonik test programme; site-specific risk assessment remains necessary.
In bulk transfer of Evonik isopropyl alcohol from 200 L drums or 1,000 L intermediate bulk containers, the pump and piping system should be constructed from 304 or 316L stainless steel, with PTFE or EPDM seals. Transfer velocity should be limited to below 1–2 m/s for initial filling of an empty vessel to reduce static charge accumulation, and all equipment must be bonded and grounded. Inline filtration through 10 µm particulate filters is common before use in precision cleaning, with point-of-use 0.2 µm membrane filtration when required. Pump selection should consider the low viscosity of 2.4 mPa·s and the vapour pressure of 4.4 kPa; air-operated double-diaphragm pumps with natively conductive PTFE diaphragms are often used. Level control and overflow protection should comply with EN 60079-0 and EN 60079-10-1 as part of the explosion protection document. Plain carbon steel storage is generally acceptable for dry isopropanol, but high-purity applications use stainless steel or glass-lined tanks to avoid trace iron pickup.
When isopropyl alcohol is compared with other low-boiling cleaning and coating solvents, the selection depends chiefly on evaporation rate, solubility parameters, flash point, and residue profile. The table below lists published values for pure solvents; evaporation in processed films and aerosol sprays will differ because of cooling and humidity effects.
| Property | Isopropanol | Ethanol | Acetone | Methyl ethyl ketone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal boiling point | 82.3 °C | 78.4 °C | 56.1 °C | 79.6 °C |
| Closed-cup flash point | 12 °C | 13 °C | -17 °C | -4 °C |
| Vapour pressure at 20 °C | 4.4 kPa | 5.8 kPa | 24.6 kPa | 10.5 kPa |
| Hydrogen-bonding Hansen parameter | 16.4 MPa0.5 | 19.4 MPa0.5 | 7.0 MPa0.5 | 5.1 MPa0.5 |
The lower vapour pressure of isopropanol relative to acetone reduces misting losses in open wipe operations but increases drying time. In gravure ink dilution, this shift is significant: a formulation diluted with isopropanol retains a lower solvent release rate, which can improve leveling on high-speed flexographic lines but may require higher dryer temperature. The substitution of isopropanol for methyl ethyl ketone lowers the severity of odour and atmospheric oxidation, but the final ink binder must be examined for solubility because the Hansen hydrogen-bonding parameter of isopropanol is 16.4 MPa0.5, whereas that of methyl ethyl ketone is approximately 5.1 MPa0.5. This difference means that nitrocellulose and rosin-modified acrylic systems usually tolerate isopropanol, but some high-molecular-weight polyester and phase-separated systems may require a co-solvent.
When solvent wipes are converted from acetone to Evonik isopropyl alcohol, the operating procedure must be adjusted for the higher boiling point and lower solvent volatility. Isopropanol has a vapour pressure of 4.4 kPa at 20 °C, while acetone has 24.6 kPa; therefore, the time required for evaporation from a 100 µm liquid film increases. In a cleaned stainless steel surface under 21 °C and 45% RH, the evaporation rate of isopropanol is slower than that of acetone, which can cause a temporary increase in residual solvent after a single wipe. The procedure should specify a fixed wiping pattern, saturated wipes with 0.2–0.3 L/m², and a defined air-dry interval of at least 60 s before subsequent adhesive or coating steps. Residual solvent verification can be performed by gas chromatography using a headspace method derived from USP General Chapter 467. The lower evaporation rate also means that operators working with open containers have less instantaneous vapour generation; however, the flash point of 12 °C is still below ambient in warm rooms, so local exhaust ventilation remains mandatory. The product should not be mixed with acetone or methyl ethyl ketone in unventilated manual wiping because the resultant mixture may evaporate at a combined rate that is not directly represented by either solvent alone.
In coating and ink preparation, Evonik isopropyl alcohol is incorporated as a diluent or letdown solvent for nitrocellulose, rosin, and certain acrylic systems. The high hydrogen-bonding parameter and water miscibility allow it to dissolve moisture carried by cellulosic binders; however, mixtures stored below 10 °C may separate if water absorption has occurred. Mixing vessels should be closed and fitted with a condenser to minimize evaporation. Viscosity reduction in typical flexographic inks is usually evaluated with a DIN EN ISO 2431 4-mm flow cup; target flow times between 25 s and 40 s are often specified, but final values are formulation-specific and should be taken from the product data of the ink system rather than from solvent data alone. The use of a nitrogen purge on the mixing head at 0.2–0.5 bar is common to maintain the atmosphere below the lower explosion limit when large open tanks are charged.
Operationally, isopropanol must be segregated from strong oxidizers and stored in containers approved for flammable liquids. Floor-level ventilation is not suitable because isopropanol vapour is heavier than air; vapour removal should be positioned near the point of release. Personal exposure should be monitored against the current occupational exposure limit; the product data sheet should be consulted for the applicable national limit value. The material can be used as a diluent in printing inks, coatings, and cleaning agents, but each formulation should be tested for compatibility because the alcohol may react with isocyanate-functional crosslinkers and can slowly oxidize to ketones under prolonged air contact. Evonik isopropyl alcohol is not a drop-in substitute for all low-boiling solvents without verification of evaporation, solubility, and regulatory constraints.
