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| HS Code | 917360 |
| Chemical Name | Isopropyl Alcohol |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Purity | 99.8% min |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Mild alcohol odor |
| Boiling Point | 82.4°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | -89.5°C |
| Flash Point | 11.7°C (closed cup) |
| Specific Gravity | 0.785 at 20/20°C |
| Vapor Pressure | 33 mmHg at 20°C |
| Vapor Density | 2.1 (air = 1) |
| Solubility | Miscible in water |
| Evaporation Rate | 1.7 (n-butyl acetate = 1) |
| Autoignition Temperature | 399°C |
As an accredited Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | One-gallon high-density polyethylene jug with secure, child-resistant cap, labeled clearly, providing safe storage and dispensing for Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL loading of Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol: secure palletized drums, ensure ventilation, stability, and hazmat segregation for safe transport. |
| Shipping | Shipping: Isopropyl alcohol (UN1219, Class 3, PG II) is a flammable liquid requiring proper hazard labeling and packaging. Ship in approved containers, away from ignition sources, with segregation from oxidizers. Ensure ground transport documentation includes the proper shipping name, quantity, and emergency response information. |
| Storage | Store Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol in tightly sealed, approved containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep the container grounded to prevent static discharge. Separate from strong oxidizers and acids. Use explosion-proof equipment and clearly label the storage area with appropriate flammable liquid signage. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 2–3 years when stored sealed, cool, and dry; after opening, keep tightly capped to prevent evaporation. |
In printed circuit board assembly, ionic flux residues from no-clean and RMA solder pastes are displaced with anhydrous isopropanol after aqueous saponifier cleaning. Formosa Plastics IPA supplied at 99.9 wt% purity with water content below 0.05 wt% and non-volatile residue below 10 ppm meets the feed specification for batch ultrasonic immersion systems operating at 40–55°C with 40 kHz transducers. Immersion time for ROL0 and ROL1 residues classified under ANSI/J-STD-004B is typically 3–8 min, followed by a second-stage fresh IPA rinse at room temperature. Ionic contamination on bare board coupons is measured by extraction resistivity per IPC TM-650 2.3.25; values above 1.56 µg NaCl eq/cm² for high-reliability assemblies trigger solvent change-out. Wetted parts in the cleaning line are specified as 316L stainless steel and PTFE because IPA induces environmental stress cracking in polycarbonate sight glasses and poly(methyl methacrylate) lids. Solvent recovery is conducted in a wiped-film evaporator at 50–60°C under 20–25 kPa vacuum so that distillation bottoms remain below the 82.5°C atmospheric boiling point and peroxide accumulation is retarded. Iron and copper ions extracted from boards must be kept below 0.1 mg/L in the recycled solvent to prevent galvanic corrosion on fine-pitch gold-plated contact pads. The terminal product is a cleaned printed circuit assembly with flux residue, ionic contamination, and solder mask attack controlled to the requirements of IPC-J-STD-001H class 3 electronics.
Isopropanol functions as a granulation solvent in wet high-shear mixers for immediate-release tablet formulations, where binder addition is carried out at 20–40 wt% of dry powder mass. The solvent is classified as a Class 3 residual solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day under ICH Q3C and a concentration limit of 5000 ppm when Option 1 calculation is applied. In antisolvent crystallization of APIs from alcoholic mother liquors, the IPA fraction is added at 5–8 L/kg of crude API at 5–10°C to reduce solubility and force crystal nucleation; the ratio is adjusted per batch based on residual dissolution curves. After filtration, vacuum tray drying at 25–30 kPa and 45–55°C reduces residual IPA below 500 ppm for tablet cores, while loss on drying is monitored according to USP <731>. Water content in the IPA feed is held below 0.1 wt% to avoid hydrolysis of moisture-sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients such as aspirin and certain β-lactam intermediates. Peroxide formation in stored drums is controlled with a retest interval of 12 months and a peroxide limit below 0.005 meq/g under the USP Isopropyl Alcohol monograph because peroxides can oxidize thiol and amine functional groups in drug substances. The terminal product is a dried granule or recrystallized API with residual solvent levels documented in the common technical document under 3.2.S.3.2 and released against Ph. Eur. 2.4.24 or USP <467> methods.
Flexographic and gravure ink formulations for polyolefin film printing use isopropanol as a co-solvent at 5–15 wt% of total formulation to lower viscosity and adjust drying rate without exceeding volatile organic compound limits. Flow time on a DIN 4 cup at 25°C is reduced from approximately 35 s to 22 s when 10 wt% IPA replaces a portion of n-propyl acetate in nitrocellulose-based inks. The solvent blend is matched to resin solubility using Hansen solubility parameters of IPA at δD 15.8 MPa^1/2, δP 6.1 MPa^1/2, and δH 16.4 MPa^1/2; this limits partial solubility in polystyrene and certain acrylic ink binders. Ink manufacturers run print trials on narrow-web flexo presses at 60–100 m/min with interstation drying air at 40–50°C, observing dot gain deviation below 5% when the IPA fraction is kept constant. For food-contact printed packaging, migration of residual IPA through the substrate is assessed under EU Regulation 10/2011 Annex II, and printed film is conditioned at 40°C/10 days before gas chromatographic headspace analysis. The equipment cleaning procedure uses a closed-top solvent dispenser and grounded stainless steel containers because the flash point of IPA is 12°C closed cup under ASTM D56. The terminal product is a printed film with specified retained solvent below 5 mg/m² and residual IPA below 0.1 mg/dm² for low-odor packaging. Published data for specific resin-IPA interaction thresholds is limited, and each ink system is qualified by viscosity stability over 72 h in a sealed press-side container.
Gas-phase dehydrogenation of anhydrous isopropanol over copper-zinc oxide catalysts produces acetone with hydrogen as a co-product. Commercial fixed-bed reactors are operated at 300–400°C and near-atmospheric pressure with a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5–1.5 h⁻¹; the endothermic reaction is sustained by circulating hot oil or molten salt. Reported single-pass conversion ranges from 85% to 95%, with acetone selectivity above 99% on fresh catalyst. Water in the IPA feed is held below 0.1 wt% because moisture accelerates copper sintering and reduces catalyst life below 8,000 h. Byproduct formation includes propylene via dehydration and small quantities of diisopropyl ether; these are controlled by maintaining hydrogen partial pressure at 10–20 mol% in the recycle gas. The crude acetone is purified through a three-column distillation sequence, with the product column yielding acetone that meets ASTM D329 requirements for water miscibility and residue on evaporation. High-purity IPA feed above 99.9 wt% reduces the load on the light-ends column and stabilizes the product acetone assay above 99.5 wt%. Reactor materials at the hot inlet are specified as 304H stainless steel, while water-cooled condensers use 316L to resist trace organic acids formed by oxidation. The terminal acetone is used as a raw material in bisphenol A production, methyl methacrylate process chemistry, and solvent end-uses where aldehyde and acid limits follow ASTM D329. Published data for a specific Formosa Plastics IPA grade in this catalytic system is limited; the ranges above reflect typical commercial Cu-Zn catalyst performance.
Isopropanol reacts with acetic acid in a batch esterification reactor using sulfuric acid at 0.5–2 wt% of the total charge to produce isopropyl acetate for use as a fast-evaporating solvent in gravure inks and nail polish. The reactor is held at 80–88°C under atmospheric reflux, with the molar ratio of IPA to acetic acid set at 1.2:1 to drive equilibrium toward ester. Water formed in the reaction is removed via an azeotropic distillation trap, where the isopropyl acetate-water-isopropanol ternary system distills in the 70–82°C range; the organic phase is returned to the reactor and the aqueous phase is drained to depress equilibrium water concentration below 5 wt%. After 6–10 h, the crude ester is washed with water at 40°C followed by sodium bicarbonate solution to reduce acid value below 0.05 mg KOH/g. The washed ester is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and distilled; the product cut is collected at 85–88°C with a purity above 99 wt%. This route avoids chloride-containing catalysts when the terminal isopropyl acetate is specified for cosmetic nail coatings where halide limits are set below 10 ppm. Glass-lined reactor shells are preferred because concentrated sulfuric acid can cause pitting in 316L at the upper process temperature. The finished isopropyl acetate is analyzed for water content below 0.1 wt%, acidity below 0.02 wt% as acetic acid, and non-volatile residue below 0.005 wt%. Cosmetic nail coating solvents are assessed under EC 1223/2009 for trace benzene and sulphate ash before batch release.
Topical disinfection formulations prepared to the WHO general handrub specification use high-purity isopropanol as the active ingredient at a final concentration of 75% v/v. The compounding sequence for a 1,000 mL batch starts with 751.5 mL of 99.8% v/v IPA, followed by 41.7 mL of 3% w/v hydrogen peroxide and 14.5 mL of glycerol, then made to volume with distilled water. The mixture is held for 72 h before filling to allow hydrogen peroxide to inactivate spore-forming contaminants; final hydrogen peroxide concentration is 0.125% v/v. Viscosity at 20°C is typically near 2.5–3.5 mPa·s with glycerol present, and fill lines use explosion-proof pumps because the flash point of the finished solution remains below 13°C closed cup under ASTM D56. Plastic container compatibility is limited to high-density polyethylene and PET, while acrylic and polystyrene components are rejected because of stress cracking. The proportion of IPA is not increased above 75% v/v because evaporation rate rises and skin contact time falls below 20 s, reducing antimicrobial efficacy in EN 1500 hand hygiene tests.
| Component | Input per 1000 mL | Final concentration |
|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol 99.8% v/v | 751.5 mL | 75% v/v |
| Hydrogen peroxide 3% w/v | 41.7 mL | 0.125% v/v |
| Glycerol | 14.5 mL | 1.45% v/v |
| Distilled water | to 1000 mL | — |
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Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol is a high-purity anhydrous secondary alcohol supplied for solvent, cleaning, and chemical intermediate applications. The product is identified by CAS 67-63-0, EC 200-661-7, and a molecular weight of 60.10 g/mol. At 20 °C the liquid density is approximately 0.785 g/cm³ when measured by ASTM D4052, and the normal boiling point is 82.3 °C at 760 mm Hg. The flash point is 12 °C Tag closed cup by ASTM D56, placing the material in flammable liquid category 2. The vapour pressure at 20 °C is approximately 4.4 kPa. The material is water-miscible in all proportions and forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope with water at approximately 87.7 wt% isopropyl alcohol, which establishes the practical distillative barrier to reducing water content below about 0.01 wt% without pressure-swing or extractive drying. The product is controlled against ASTM D770-11(2019) as the specification framework, with individual lots certified for assay, water content, acidity, colour, and non-volatile residue. Representative high-purity product is supplied with assay at or above 99.9 wt% by gas chromatography, water below 0.10 wt%, acidity as acetic acid below 0.002 wt%, colour below 10 Pt-Co, and non-volatile residue below 0.001 g/100 mL.
| Parameter | Representative value | Specification limit | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assay via gas chromatography | ≥99.9 wt% | 99.9 wt% minimum | ASTM D770-11(2019) |
| Water content | ≤0.10 wt% | 0.10 wt% maximum | ASTM E203 |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ≤0.002 wt% | 0.002 wt% maximum | ASTM D1613 |
| Non-volatile residue | ≤0.001 g/100 mL | 0.001 g/100 mL maximum | ASTM D1353 |
| Colour, Pt-Co scale | ≤10 | 10 maximum | ASTM D1209 |
| Distillation range at 760 mm Hg | 82.0–82.7 °C | satisfies ASTM D770 range limits | ASTM D1078 |
Technical-grade isopropyl alcohol may be supplied at 99.0 wt% purity with water at 0.5–1.0 wt% and non-volatile residue at 0.005 g/100 mL. The Formosa Plastics product is differentiated by a nominal 99.9 wt% assay and a 0.10 wt% water ceiling. This difference is not only analytical; it affects downstream process reliability. In alkyd and acrylic coating formulations, water introduced with the letdown solvent can reduce the hydrolytic shelf stability of organosilane adhesion promoters. In gravure inks, non-volatile residue accumulates on doctor blades and cylinder cell walls, producing unpredictable viscosity drift. Acidity as acetic acid above 0.005 wt% can attack aluminium pigments and tinplate containers, releasing metal soaps that alter colour. The present product is controlled at ≤0.002 wt% as acetic acid. Compared with reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol, the industrial high-purity grade may not be certified for ultraviolet absorbance at specific wavelengths, trace anions, or particulate counts; these are supplier-specific electronic-grade tests. The product is therefore positioned for industrial solvent use where low moisture, low residue, and low acidity are critical, while pharmaceutical excipient and semiconductor direct-contact uses require grade-specific certification against the USP–NF Isopropyl Alcohol monograph and ICH Q3C residual solvent class 3 limits.
Printed circuit board fabrication and precision optics cleaning use isopropyl alcohol as a final rinse because it displaces water, dissolves rosin flux residues, and leaves comparatively low ionic residue. The relevant control parameters are non-volatile residue, anionic and cationic contamination, and particle shedding from packaging. For assemblies qualified to IPC-TM-650 method 2.3.25 for halide-free flux residues or method 2.6.3.7 for surface insulation resistance, the rinse solvent must not introduce measurable chloride or sulfate. Formosa Plastics isopropyl alcohol at ≤0.001 g/100 mL non-volatile residue supports these rinse applications after bulk contamination removal. However, the standard industrial grade is not certified for sub-0.1 µm particle semiconductor front-end cleaning; that application requires electronic-grade material with cation, anion, and particle specification by ion chromatography and laser particle counting. Point-of-use filtration through 0.2 µm PTFE membrane cartridges is typical on high-reliability lines. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, and users must confirm batch certificate limits against the specific board cleanliness specification.
One-component moisture-cured urethane topcoats and prepolymer systems are sensitive to adventitious water because the water molecule consumes two isocyanate groups. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a viscosity reducer or small-volume equipment flush in these systems. A 5 wt% addition of isopropyl alcohol with water content 0.10 wt% introduces 0.005 g water per 100 g formulation, equivalent to 0.28 mmol water. This consumes approximately 0.56 mmol of free isocyanate groups, which is analytically significant when the total NCO content is in the range 2.0–6.0 wt%. The principal process conflict is that an anhydrous specification is not sufficient once containers are opened in humid ambient air; isopropyl alcohol absorbs moisture rapidly to form a 87.7 wt% azeotrope, and open-container storage at relative humidity above 60% can increase water content within hours. Production lines therefore use nitrogen blanketing, molecular sieve or activated alumina drying, and closed transfer. The product should not be deliberately blended into two-component high-NCO systems unless the free isocyanate has been fully consumed or blocked, because the secondary alcohol reacts with aromatic isocyanates at a measurable rate at 50–80 °C. NCO content is monitored by dibutylamine back-titration per ASTM D2572. For this application, users should specify water content below 0.05 wt% where available, and pre-dry the solvent if the ambient dew point exceeds 10 °C.
Flexographic and gravure ink reduction with isopropyl alcohol requires balancing solvency, evaporation rate, and surface tension. In high-speed central-impression flexo lines operating at 300–600 m/min, solvent evaporation from the anilox and plate surfaces governs ink transfer and colour density. Isopropyl alcohol has an evaporation rate of approximately 1.7 relative to n-butyl acetate by ASTM D3539, faster than n-propyl acetate but slower than ethanol; this allows controlled viscosity recovery at the doctor blade while still drying before rewetting. In nitrocellulose/polyamide ink systems, isopropyl alcohol is a stronger solvent for polyamide resins than ethanol, but excessive levels above 25 wt% of the ink solvent blend can cause plate swelling. The low water content of the product prevents blushing in high-humidity pressrooms. On enclosed doctor blade systems, solvent addition is adjusted to maintain viscosity in the range 18–25 s on a 3 mm Zahn cup at 25 °C; batch-to-batch assay drift above 0.05 wt% moisture alters viscosity and can require reformulation, a processing bottleneck observed on multistation lines.
Acrylic high-solids topcoats are reduced with isopropyl alcohol to adjust application viscosity without exceeding volatile organic compound limits. The solvent is added at 2–8 wt% based on total coating weight. At 25 °C, the viscosity reduction follows the solvent activity in the polymer matrix; the Hansen solubility parameters of isopropyl alcohol give strong hydrogen-bonding and polar contributions, making it effective for hydroxyl-functional acrylic oligomers. Rheological data from cone-and-plate viscometry at 100 s⁻¹ show that adding 3 wt% isopropyl alcohol to a 65 wt% solids acrylic resin can reduce viscosity from approximately 2,000 mPa·s to 1,200 mPa·s when measured by ASTM D4287. The process window is bounded by the flash point and the evaporative cooling effect: rapid evaporation can reduce film surface temperature below the dew point, causing moisture condensation and surface defects. Therefore high-humidity spray lines operate at 20–25 °C and 40–60% relative humidity, with isopropyl alcohol addition held below 8 wt%. Compared with methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol evaporates faster and has a lower solvent density, which changes viscosity at high-shear application but offers a lower photochemical reactivity classification under many VOC regulations.
Storage and handling of Formosa Plastics Isopropyl Alcohol are governed by its classification as a flammable liquid and its hygroscopicity. Bulk tanks should be dry nitrogen blanketed and grounded. The product is incompatible with strong oxidizers, mineral acids, and aluminium equipment in contact with peroxide-forming conditions; storage temperatures above 35 °C increase vapour pressure and headspace flammability. The lower flammable limit is approximately 2.0 vol% in air and the upper flammable limit is 12.7 vol%; transfer areas require explosion-proof ventilation. The product is miscible with water and many organic solvents, but blending with bleach or hypochlorite solutions is not recommended because chlorinated oxidation products can form. For long-term storage beyond 12 months, water content and peroxide formation should be revalidated; isopropyl alcohol is not classified as a peroxide-former under many storage regulations, but oxidation to acetone can occur under prolonged air exposure. Published data for this specific configuration is limited for extended storage intervals.
