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| HS Code | 116016 |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Purity | 99.9% |
| Specific Gravity | 0.786 at 20/20°C |
| Boiling Point | 82.5°C |
| Melting Point | -89.5°C |
| Flash Point | 11.7°C (closed cup) |
| Vapor Pressure | 4.4 kPa at 20°C |
| Solubility | Miscible in water |
| Autoignition Temperature | 399°C |
As an accredited LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) is packaged in 18 L plastic cans and 200 L steel drums, ensuring safe, stable supply. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Loading a 20′ FCL container with LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA): secure drums upright, label hazards, ensure compatibility, and ventilate properly. |
| Shipping | LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) is a flammable liquid classified as UN 1219, Hazard Class 3, Packing Group II. Ship in approved containers, properly labeled, with segregation from oxidizers. Ensure ground or vessel transport compliance, ventilation, and emergency response documentation per IMDG and DOT regulations. |
| Storage | Store LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly sealed and clearly labeled. Use approved flammable-liquid cabinets, grounded equipment, and secondary containment. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers and incompatible materials. Maintain appropriate temperature and ensure proper bonding/grounding during dispensing to prevent static discharge. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is 3 years from manufacture when stored unopened in original container, at room temperature, away from heat and ignition sources. |
In front-end semiconductor wet processing, the highest-purity isopropanol grade is deployed not as a formulation additive but as a final rinse and vapor-drying medium where surface-contaminant control controls device yield. LG Chem IPA supplied into this segment is controlled under SEMI C21 for electronic-grade isopropanol, with nominal assay of 99.9% or higher, water content not exceeding 500 ppm, and residue after evaporation below 10 ppm. Metallic impurities are measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; front-end wafer-fab purchase specifications commonly tighten total trace metal content to ≤ 50 ppb and mobile-ion metals to ≤ 1 ppb per element. The downstream process sequence integrates isopropanol after dilute hydrofluoric acid etching or RCA-type cleaning. Wafers enter single-wafer spin processors where deionized water rinsing is followed by low-flow IPA injection into the dispense manifold, point-of-use filtration through 0.1 µm PTFE membrane cartridges, and a nitrogen curtain that transports IPA vapor across the wafer surface. The operative physical mechanism is the Marangoni effect: isopropanol surface tension near 23 mN/m at 20 °C versus water at 72 mN/m creates a surface-tension gradient that withdraws rinse water from sub-10 nm high-aspect-ratio structures without the meniscus-collapse force generated by direct water evaporation. The addition ratio in this application is a flow-setpoint range rather than a blend percentage; single-wafer vapor-drying tools meter IPA at 0.1–3.0 mL/min per wafer depending on nozzle manifold design and cassette mass. Process control is maintained at vapor temperatures of 60–85 °C, with clean dry air dew point sampled at shift boundaries. Water absorption into bulk IPA storage is a known drift mechanism; point-of-use nitrogen blanketing and repeated Karl Fischer checks are required because water encroachment beyond 1% degrades drying uniformity and produces water-mark defects. Terminal finished products are patterned silicon wafers and advanced logic, memory, or power devices in which metallic contamination or pattern collapse would translate directly to probe-yield loss.
| Parameter | Method designation | Typical front-end limit |
|---|---|---|
| Assay | ASTM D770 | 99.9% minimum |
| Water | Karl Fischer titration | ≤ 500 ppm |
| Residue after evaporation | gravimetric | ≤ 10 ppm |
| Total trace metals | ICP-MS | ≤ 50 ppb |
| Mobile-ion metal single element | ICP-MS | ≤ 1 ppb |
| Particle ≥ 0.1 µm | laser particle counter | ≤ 50 counts/mL |
Pharmaceutical wet granulation uses isopropanol as the volatile fraction of a binder solution because it dissolves povidone at low water activity and can be removed from heat-sensitive actives with lower enthalpy demand than water. The principal technical function is the ability to wet a powder bed without activating water-sensitive polymorphic transitions or causing hydrate formation. In this application, the addition ratio is endpoint-controlled rather than fixed across formulations. During development, a binder solution prepared with 10–20 wt% povidone K30 in isopropanol is sprayed onto a high-shear granulator at 15–30 g/min per 5 kg dry blend; total granulation liquid demand commonly lands between 15–25% w/w of the dry powder charge. Impeller torque and motor power draw terminate the granulation endpoint instead of a predetermined liquid mass. The wet granules are discharged through a 1.0–2.0 mm screen and dried in a fluid-bed dryer at inlet air temperatures of 45–60 °C until loss-on-drying reaches 1–3%. Residual isopropanol in the dried granulation is measured by headspace gas chromatography under USP <467>; because isopropanol is an ICH Q3C Class 3 residual solvent, the finished drug product remains within the acceptable calculated daily intake of 50 mg/day, corresponding to a drug-substance limit of 5000 ppm or less depending on maximum daily dose. Equipment cleaning after batch completion uses the same solvent at ambient temperature as part of validated cleaning-in-place mixtures; residue transfer into the next product is verified by swab recovery studies under 21 CFR 211.67. Terminal categories include immediate-release tablets, capsules, and dry granulation blends filled into sachets.
At 60–80% v/v aqueous concentration, isopropanol denatures microbial enzymes through non-specific protein and membrane disruption. The World Health Organization hand hygiene formulation for isopropanol specifies 99.8% isopropyl alcohol 7515 mL, 3% hydrogen peroxide 417 mL, 98% glycerol 145 mL, and sterile distilled water to a final volume of 10 L, yielding 75% v/v isopropanol in the finished hand rub. Mixing is performed in sealed stainless-steel or high-density polyethylene vessels at 20–25 °C, with stirring maintained below 100 rpm to limit vapor generation; the batch is held for 72 h before dispensing to eliminate bacterial spores introduced during dilution. The compliance package for the European Union market falls under Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 for biocidal products, with efficacy claims tested under EN 13727 for bactericidal activity, EN 13624 for yeasticidal and fungicidal activity, and EN 14476 for virucidal activity. Surface-disinfectant variants blend 70% isopropanol with 0.1–0.5% nonionic surfactant and water in continuous dosing systems for cleanroom mopping stations. Downstream filling lines are nitrogen-inerted and grounded because the flash point of 70% aqueous IPA is approximately 15–21 °C, making zone classification under ATEX 1999/92/EC a binding design factor. Terminal finished-product forms are ready-to-use hand rubs, saturated wipes, and impregnated nonwoven towelettes packaged in low-migration barrier films.
| Raw material | Concentration | Volume per 10 L |
|---|---|---|
| Isopropyl alcohol | 99.8% | 7515 mL |
| Hydrogen peroxide | 3% | 417 mL |
| Glycerol | 98% | 145 mL |
| Sterile distilled water | — | to 10 L |
Solvent-based flexographic and gravure ink systems consume anhydrous isopropanol as a low-viscosity diluent that corrects press-side viscosity drift without dissolving the polyamide resin fraction in the same manner as ethyl acetate. The addition ratio is not a fixed batch formula constant; it is determined on-press by viscosity targeting. A concentrated polyamide-nitrocellulose base ink is reduced with 5–12% by weight isopropanol for gravure cylinder engraving depths between 30–55 µm, while flexographic systems are adjusted downward with 2–8 wt% additions until flow time measured under ISO 2431 with a 4 mm cup reaches 18–25 s. Deeper etched cylinders require slightly higher diluent mass to prevent highlight-cell screen plugging; however, exceeding 15 wt% total volatile diluent can destabilize resin solubility and produce redeposition on doctor blades. During production, the ink is pumped from closed 200 L totes through a 0.45 µm filter cartridge into an enclosed doctor-blade chamber at web speeds of 20–30 m/min; drying is completed in short hot-air tunnels at 50–70 °C. The volatile organic compound framework for solvent flexography is governed by the Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU as the successor to the Solvent Emissions Directive 1999/13/EC, with raw-material safety data supplied under REACH and printing ink GMP aligned to the EuPIA framework. Printed food-contact structures are additionally subject to Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 and, where plastic layers are present, Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Terminal printed products include flexible food-packaging laminates, pressure-sensitive labels, and corrugated preprint liner.
The largest non-solvent derivative of isopropanol is acetone, generated by gas-phase catalytic dehydrogenation over copper-based fixed-bed catalysts in shell-and-tube reactors. Feedstock for this route is anhydrous IPA with purity above 99.8 wt%, controlled under ASTM D770, with water content below 0.1% to limit catalyst deactivation. The isopropanol is preheated to 180–220 °C before entering a reactor skin temperature of 300–450 °C; the reaction is endothermic and requires hot-oil or molten-salt heat transfer. Conversion per pass typically lies between 75–95%, with selectivity to acetone exceeding 90% when reactor outlet pressure remains below 0.3 MPa gauge and liquid hourly space velocity is maintained between 0.5–2.0 h⁻¹. The cooled reactor effluent is separated in a packed column to recover unreacted isopropanol for recycle, and crude acetone is distilled to purchase specification. The addition ratio in this process is stoichiometric: 60.1 g isopropanol yields 58.1 g acetone at complete conversion, with hydrogen generated as 2.0 g per mole. The finished acetone is controlled under ASTM D329. A related esterification pathway reacts isopropanol with acetic acid over acidic ion-exchange resin at 80–100 °C to form isopropyl acetate, with a typical molar ratio of 1.1:1 alcohol to acid to drive ester conversion. Terminal chemical products include bisphenol-A feedstock, methyl methacrylate process solvent, and isopropyl acetate sold into automotive refinish thinners.
Cold-process personal-care formulations use anhydrous isopropanol in concentration bands below 10% where it functions as a viscosity modifier and residual solvent in translucent hydroalcoholic systems, not as a primary antimicrobial preservative. For aftershave lotions and astringent toners, the addition ratio is typically 5–15% by weight of the final formula when combined with 20–50 wt% denatured ethanol and 1–3 wt% humectant; hair styling sprays use lower isopropanol loadings of 1–5 wt% to depress the cloud point of vinyl pyrrolidone-based fixative polymers without rapid desiccation of the hair shaft. Production is executed in explosion-proof stainless-steel compounding vessels at 15–25 °C under nitrogen blanketing, with batch discharge through 10 µm cartridge filters; fragrance and nonionic solubilizers are post-added after the solvent is fully blended. The compliance reference for the European Union cosmetics market is Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, and the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has assessed isopropanol as safe in current use concentrations when formulated to minimize inhalation and mucous-membrane contact. Because isopropanol is not an approved preservative under Annex V of the Cosmetics Regulation, formulations still require a separate preservative system validated by challenge testing under ISO 11930. Terminal product types are clear astringent toners, hydroalcoholic aftershave lotions, and pressurized hair-styling mousses packaged in PET or aluminum monobloc containers.
Competitive LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) prices that fit your budget—flexible terms and customized quotes for every order.
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LG Chem Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) is a volatile, water-miscible secondary alcohol supplied for electronics drying, precision cleaning, and solvent-borne formulation. The product carries CAS 67-63-0 and is produced through propylene hydration followed by distillation and purification. Commercial grade designations for LG Chem IPA are production-site and package dependent; no single universal model code is assigned. The high-purity grade is typically specified at a minimum assay of 99.9 wt%, water content at not more than 0.05 wt%, acidity at 0.002 wt% as acetic acid, and nonvolatile residue at 0.001 g/100 mL or below. Density at 20 °C is 0.785–0.786 g/cm³ when measured by ASTM D4052, and the normal boiling point is 82.5 °C. Packaging includes bulk ISO tanks, 200 L drums, and 20 L canisters. The primary difference from technical-grade isopropyl alcohol is not the gross solvent identity but the controlled water, acidity, nonvolatile residue, and metal-cation burden that can affect high-value substrates.
Commercial catalytic hydration routes used for high-purity IPA typically include direct hydration over a solid acid catalyst, followed by multi-column distillation. The crude IPA stream is purified through azeotropic or extractive distillation, and the final product is polished through 0.2 µm filtration and nitrogen sparging to reduce dissolved oxygen. This sequence matters because lot-to-lot variation in water is determined by the efficiency of azeotropic drying rather than by initial reaction conversion. A high-purity stream that leaves the distillation battery within specification can still be altered by drum handling if the container is not dried or purged. Therefore, the final certificate of analysis is the controlling document for water, acidity, and residue.
Water content acts as the controlling variable because IPA-water mixtures form a minimum-boiling azeotrope. The azeotrope is reported at approximately 80.3 °C and 87.7 wt% isopropanol at atmospheric pressure, while pure IPA boils at 82.5 °C. The small boiling-point offset means that residual water is not removed by simple distillation without an entrainer or molecular sieve. In a wafer spin-rinse dryer, IPA containing 0.05 wt% water produces a final solvent layer with surface tension near 21.7 mN/m at 20 °C, compared with 72.8 mN/m for water. Marangoni-flow drying depends on this surface-tension gradient. Once water contamination exceeds 0.1 wt%, the gradient weakens and radial watermark defects appear on the wafer. Published data for LG Chem’s exact azeotropic behaviour in a specific tool configuration is limited; the physical-chemistry boundary is defined by standard vapor-liquid equilibrium data.
Failure-mode observations from single-wafer spray processors show the practical effect of lot-to-lot residue variation. In a 300 mm single-wafer cleaning chamber, IPA is delivered at 0.5–1.5 L/min through a swing-arm nozzle after ultrapure-water rinse. The chamber is operated at 50–100 Pa negative exhaust relative to cleanroom ambient, and the IPA is heated to 60–80 °C before injection. If nonvolatile residue exceeds 0.001 g/100 mL by ASTM D1353, spin-off drying leaves submicrometer organic residues that appear as a haze band in bright-field wafer inspection. The same residue threshold is used to accept or reject drum receipts. Metal cations such as sodium, potassium, and iron are measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; semiconductor-grade acceptance is typically 10 ppb per cation, though published data for this specific LG Chem configuration is limited. The established process variable is not the solvent class but the stability of water and residue from batch to batch.
Certificate-of-analysis data from production-scale shipments generally includes gas-chromatographic assay, Karl Fischer water, titratable acidity, and nonvolatile residue. The nonvolatile residue method ASTM D1353 evaporates 100 mL of sample in a platinum dish at 105 °C and reports residue gravimetrically. The method is sensitive to high-boiling plasticizers, silicone oils, and inorganic salts. A drum-to-drum residue change of 0.0005 g/100 mL can be sufficient to shift a wafer-drying process from acceptable to rejected because the residual mass is concentrated in the final microliters of solvent at the wafer edge. Published data for LG Chem’s exact nonvolatile residue distribution in wafer processing is limited; the threshold is therefore applied conservatively in controlled electronics-cleaning operations.
Low-metal purification and anion control in fine-electronics applications distinguish LG Chem IPA from general industrial IPA. The purification sequence removes chloride, sulfate, and nitrate through distillation and ion exchange; residual anions are measured by ion chromatography. Typical high-purity limits are 0.1 mg/L for chloride and 0.1 mg/L for sulfate, but the certificate of analysis must be used for exact lot values. In flat-panel display cleaning, the solvent is operated at 40–60 °C in ultrasonic tanks at 25–40 kHz. The surface tension below 22 mN/m allows wetting of 1–5 µm gap patterns without leaving conductive salt deposits. Acidity is controlled through ASTM D1613; a specification of 0.002 wt% as acetic acid corresponds to a low titratable acid reserve, which reduces the risk of copper lead-frame corrosion in drying. Published data for the corrosion rate of copper in high-purity IPA at room temperature is limited.
| Property | Test method | High-purity grade typical limit |
|---|---|---|
| Assay | ASTM D770 | ≥ 99.9 wt% |
| Water content | ASTM D1364 | ≤ 0.05 wt% |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ASTM D1613 | ≤ 0.002 wt% |
| Nonvolatile residue | ASTM D1353 | ≤ 0.001 g/100 mL |
| Color | ASTM D1209 | ≤ 10 Pt-Co |
| Density at 20 °C | ASTM D4052 | 0.785–0.786 g/cm³ |
| Distillation range | ASTM D1078 | ≤ 1.0 °C including 82.5 °C |
In flexographic and gravure ink dilution, IPA is blended at 5–15 wt% with ethyl acetate and nitrocellulose resin. Viscosity is adjusted to 18–25 s by ISO 2431 with a 4 mm cup. The higher boiling point of IPA relative to ethyl acetate (77.1 °C) and acetone (56.1 °C) reduces drying at the anilox roll and extends open time on the plate. The difference from denatured ethanol in this application is the absence of denatonium benzoate or methyl isobutyl ketone denaturants, which can remain in dried films and alter lamination bond strength. A nonvolatile residue limit below 0.001 g/100 mL by ASTM D1353 helps keep printed-film defects below the visible threshold. Published data for specific press-speed limits is limited; the acceptable evaporation profile must be confirmed with dryer capacity and a solvent-retention test method such as ASTM D3539.
When IPA replaces acetone in cleaning and coating operations, the primary change is reduced evaporation and a higher flash point. Acetone exhibits vapor pressure of 24.6 kPa at 20 °C and flash point of -20 °C; IPA exhibits vapor pressure of 4.4 kPa and flash point of 12 °C. This difference matters in dip tanks and manual wipe-down operations where room-air solvent loading follows evaporation rate. IPA retains solvent longer than acetone but shorter than n-propyl alcohol; a direct evaporation comparison is measured by ASTM D3539. The operational boundary is set by flammability. Both solvents are Class IB flammable liquids under NFPA 30, and both require bonding and grounding of containers and transfer piping. The comparative table below summarises physical properties relevant to substitution; all values are typical reference data and not lot-specific product specifications.
| Property | LG Chem IPA high-purity grade | Ethanol | Methanol | n-Propyl alcohol | Acetone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boiling point at 101.3 kPa (°C) | 82.5 | 78.4 | 64.7 | 97.2 | 56.1 |
| Density at 20 °C (g/cm³) | 0.785 | 0.789 | 0.791 | 0.804 | 0.790 |
| Vapor pressure at 20 °C (kPa) | 4.4 | 5.8 | 12.8 | 2.0 | 24.6 |
| Flash point, Tag closed cup (°C) | 12 | 13 | 11 | 25 | -20 |
| Viscosity at 25 °C (mPa·s) | 2.04 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 2.26 | 0.32 |
The substitution of IPA for n-propyl alcohol is sometimes justified by lower boiling point and lower odor. n-Propyl alcohol boils at 97.2 °C and has a vapor pressure of 2.0 kPa at 20 °C, which increases ambient drying time. In a dip tank with local exhaust ventilation designed for 10 air changes per minute, IPA’s vapor pressure of 4.4 kPa at 20 °C allows faster solvent release without reaching acetone-level volatility that can exceed the same ventilation capacity. Published data for this specific LG Chem configuration is limited.
In printed circuit board assembly, IPA is used as a post-solder flux remover in batch spray-in-air equipment. Typical process conditions use 20–40 °C substrate temperature and spray pressure of 0.3–0.7 MPa. The solvent dissolves rosin and no-clean flux residues; a low acidity specification is relevant because residual carboxylic acids from degraded flux can cause electrochemical migration. The acidity limit of 0.002 wt% as acetic acid by ASTM D1613 is a solvent quality boundary rather than a corrosion guarantee. In comparison with ethanol, IPA has a slower evaporation rate, which increases contact time on the solder joint but can extend drying if cassette density is high. Surface-insulation-resistance testing for electrochemical migration should follow the relevant IPC-TM-650 method when a specific flux system is evaluated. Published data for this specific configuration is limited.
Regulatory compliance for industrial use requires raw material specification, hazardous communication, and transportation classification. Under REACH, the substance is registered with CAS 67-63-0; classification includes flammable liquid category 2, eye irritation category 2, and specific target organ toxicity single exposure category 3 for narcosis. The US OSHA Hazard Communication Standard lists the same physical hazard class. Transportation is UN 1219 for isopropanol. These classification elements are not quality specifications but determine storage and handling. If the product is used in a pharmaceutical application, the user must verify conformance to the current USP/NF isopropyl alcohol monograph, which may contain separate limits for residue and ultraviolet absorbance. The industrial high-purity grade described here is not automatically suitable for drug formulation without that additional verification.
Flammable storage boundaries require bonding, grounding, and nitrogen blanketing. IPA is classified as a Class IB flammable liquid under NFPA 30, with a flash point of 12 °C by ASTM D56 and a flammability range of 2.0–12.7 %v/v in air. Storage containers must be bonded and grounded; local exhaust design should maintain vapor concentration below 10 % of the lower explosive limit. IPA can form organic peroxides upon prolonged air exposure, especially under ultraviolet light. The peroxide burden is tested by potassium iodide colorimetric method, and storage in airtight, nitrogen-blanketed vessels is recommended if the product is held beyond 12 months. Exposure to strong oxidizers such as nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide must be avoided. The product is compatible with stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene; it can swell some natural rubbers and certain elastomeric transfer-hose seals. Published data for LG Chem IPA’s peroxide formation rate in specific drum storage conditions is limited, so a shelf-life verification program is recommended for safety-critical applications.
