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| HS Code | 395678 |
| Product Name | Isopropyl Alcohol |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Purity | 99.9% |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Mild alcoholic |
| Boiling Point | 82.5°C |
| Melting Point | -89.5°C |
| Flash Point | 11.7°C |
| Specific Gravity | 0.786 at 20°C |
| Water Content | ≤0.05% |
| Evaporation Rate | 1.7 (butyl acetate = 1) |
As an accredited Luxi Chemical Isopropyl Alcohol factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Luxi Chemical Isopropyl Alcohol is packaged in 160 kg sealed steel drums, with hazard labeling and secure caps for safe transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: Isopropyl Alcohol loaded in sealed 20-foot container, using drums/IBCs, secured and segregated for safe transport. |
| Shipping | Luxi Chemical Isopropyl Alcohol is shipped as a hazardous flammable liquid, UN1219, Class 3, Packing Group II. Transport requires approved steel drums, IBCs, or isotanks, with proper labeling and segregation from oxidizers. Keep containers cool, grounded, and well-ventilated. Compliance with ADR, IMDG, or IATA regulations is mandatory. |
| Storage | Store Luxi Chemical Isopropyl Alcohol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly closed and upright, preferably in original packaging. Avoid direct sunlight and incompatible materials like strong oxidizers. Use grounded, explosion-proof equipment and ensure proper labeling to prevent accidental exposure or contamination. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 2-3 years when stored tightly sealed, away from heat and ignition sources. |
Front-end semiconductor wafer processing and PCB assembly lines specify the anhydrous grade of Luxi Chemical isopropyl alcohol where a minimum assay of 99.9 wt% and water mass fraction below 0.1 wt% must be verified by ASTM D770-21 before the solvent enters the cleanroom. In post-reflow defluxing, the solvent is applied through separate nozzle manifolds at spray pressures between 1.5 bar and 3.0 bar on automated in-line washers, with bath temperature held at 25 °C to 40 °C, and local exhaust ventilation maintains vapour concentration below the lower explosive limit of 2 vol% in open-top equipment. The critical failure mode is not solvency loss but moisture uptake; when ambient relative humidity exceeds 60%, open-top baths absorb atmospheric water and the working solvent water content rises above 0.3 wt% within a single 8 h shift. Under those conditions, rosin and organic acid flux residues are converted into ionic remnants that deposit as white haze on ball grid array pads and quad flat no-lead lead frames, producing an insulation resistance drop measurable by IPC-J-STD-004. The cleaning sequence therefore includes nitrogen blanketing on buffer tanks, point-of-use 0.1 µm membrane filtration, and conductance monitoring of the final rinse. The same anhydrous stream is used in optical fiber connector end-face cleaning, where non-volatile residue below 10 mg/L is required to avoid insertion loss change above 0.3 dB on single-mode assemblies.
WHO guidance for local hand rub production identifies a final isopropyl alcohol concentration of 75% v/v as the lower microbiologically effective boundary, but the incoming solvent must be not less than 99.0% on a volume basis under the USP monograph and the Ph. Eur. monograph for isopropyl alcohol. In a 10 L batch, that corresponds to 7,515 mL of 99.8% IPA, 145 mL of glycerol 98%, 417 mL of hydrogen peroxide 3%, and purified water to volume; the mixture is held at least 72 h before release to allow peroxide sporicidal action. Manufacturing equipment is typically 316L stainless steel with 0.2 µm vent filters, and hydrogen peroxide addition is made only after the IPA has been diluted with purified water to below 40% to avoid localised peroxide decomposition. The principal process constraint is the ICH Q3C residual solvent classification of IPA as a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day; for oral solid dosage forms where isopropanol is used as a granulation or film-coating solvent, drying must reduce residual solvent below the Q3C limit. In disinfectant end products, USP <795> and USP <797> are commonly applied to compounding and release, while FDA 21 CFR 211.165 governs finished drug product release testing and 21 CFR 211.166 addresses stability. Published data for exact microbial reduction rates vary by soil load and contact time; a 30 s contact time on clean hands cannot be extrapolated to a sporicidal claim on surfaces.
Across solvent-based flexographic and gravure ink lines, isopropyl alcohol is added not as a primary resin solvent but as a let-down diluent for nitrocellulose and polyamide-based ink concentrates after the initial viscosity adjustment. A representative dilution curve on a 22 s Zahn cup #2 ink at 25 °C moves to 18 s after incremental addition of 2-3 wt% IPA per 100 kg of ink, as measured by DIN EN ISO 2431:2019; the addition is made only after the mill base has been fully let down with ethyl acetate or n-propyl acetate to avoid resin shock. Moisture content in the dilution solvent is the threshold parameter: in high-humidity laminating operations above 65% RH, water introduced by a 99.5% IPA stream can induce haze in reverse-printed BOPP film when the ink film is dried at 60-80 °C tunnel temperatures. The Kauri-butanol value of approximately 74 determined by ASTM D1133 provides sufficient solvency for rosin-modified phenolic resins but is insufficient as a sole solvent for heavily chlorinated polyolefin topcoats. In aluminium can inside spray coating, isopropanol is included in the dilution solvent to reduce electrostatic atomization edge defects; non-volatile residue below 20 ppm is required to avoid pinholing after thermal curing at 205 °C. Terminal printed structures include retort pouches, snack packaging laminates, and overprint varnished labels, where retained solvent levels are tested by headspace gas chromatography against EU Regulation 10/2011 overall migration limits.
Esterification of Luxi Chemical isopropyl alcohol with acetic acid to isopropyl acetate is carried out over a strong acid catalyst such as Amberlyst 15 or a mineral acid at reaction temperatures of 80-110 °C, with a molar excess of IPA to acetic acid in the range of 1.05:1 to 1.20:1 to push the equilibrium toward ester formation. Water content in the IPA feed is the main kinetic poison: at water levels above 0.2 wt%, the reverse hydrolysis reaction lowers single-pass conversion below 60%, increasing reboiler duty and acid catalyst neutralisation; therefore anhydrous grade is preferred over the 91% azeotrope blend. Reactive distillation columns using 20-30 theoretical stages can separate the ester-water azeotrope and return the water-rich IPA stream for dehydration by molecular sieve. In the reductive amination route to isopropylamine, an ammonia to IPA molar ratio of 2:1 to 3:1 over a supported nickel-copper catalyst at 170-200 °C and 3-7 MPa is typical, although published data for specific ligand-modified catalysts is limited. Diisopropyl ether is formed in a parallel dehydration mechanism over silica-alumina or zeolite catalysts at 140-160 °C; fixed-bed heat removal is critical because exothermic ether formation can raise hot-spot temperatures above the 230 °C threshold at which propylene elimination becomes significant. Terminal derivatives include isopropyl acetate for printing inks and cosmetic emollient esters, isopropylamine for herbicide intermediates and rubber accelerators, and diisopropyl ether as a laboratory extraction solvent and gasoline oxygenate blend component.
In aerosol hair sprays, isopropyl alcohol functions primarily as a thinning cosolvent for VA/crotonates/vinyl neodecanoate copolymer films and as a valve-cleaning agent in continuous-spray actuators; cosmetic ingredient panel literature cites hair spray use concentrations generally below 50 wt%, with many marketed formulas operating at 10-30 wt% as sold. The solvent must be low-odour grade, with peroxide content below 1 ppm and acidity neutralised to 0.002 wt% as acetic acid to prevent corrosion of tinplate aerosol containers and degradation of fragrance aldehydes. In nail polish remover blends, isopropyl alcohol is introduced at 15-35 wt% as a coupling agent between ethyl acetate, acetone, and water, allowing a single-phase system at 20 °C. The cosmetic safety dossier relies on the CIR expert panel conclusions and EU Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 Article 14 safety assessment, but formulation stability must still be demonstrated under ISO 22716:2007 cosmetic GMP conditions. Published data for exact corrosion thresholds in specific aerosol valve configurations is limited; therefore container compatibility testing at 40 °C for 12 weeks is a standard screening step before commercial release. Terminal personal care products include aerosol hair sprays, pump styling gels, nail lacquer removers, and anhydrous antiperspirant suspension vehicles.
Isopropyl alcohol enters aqueous degreasing formulations intended for non-flammable operation as a co-solvent at 10-30 wt% to depress the working bath surface tension to 24-26 mN/m at 25 °C, permitting penetration of stamping oils and mill scale between nested metal parts. In open-top spray cabinets, the addition of 5-10 wt% IPA to an alkaline cleaner with a pH of 10.5-11.5 improves oil splitting and reduces the time to a water-break-free surface from roughly 120 s to 60 s on cold-rolled steel strip, based on production line observations; however, the closed-cup flash point of the blended cleaner rises above 60 °C only when the organic solvent content is kept below 20 wt% and the wetting agent is formulated as a short-chain glycol ether. Titanium and magnesium parts are incompatible with elevated pH and require a pH-neutral emulsion cleaner with IPA at 5-15 wt% and an oil-phase inhibitor; without that inhibitor, magnesium alloy AZ31B exhibits hydrogen gas generation and clear pitting at pH above 9.0. The solvent portion passes through an oil-separation coalescer before discharge, and local EPA 40 CFR Part 413 or equivalent metal finishing effluent standards require total toxic organics monitoring. Mixing with sodium hypochlorite is avoided because chlorinated oxidants convert secondary alcohols to ketones and can generate chloroform under acidic conditions. Published data for these specific production bath lifecycles is limited, but flash point and phase stability limits are anchored to ASTM D56. Terminal cleaning applications include aerospace structural parts, automotive brake calipers, and steel coil before phosphating.
In nucleic acid purification, isopropyl alcohol is used in a precipitation step where one volume of the aqueous DNA solution is mixed with 0.6-1.0 volumes of ice-cold anhydrous isopropanol; the lower dielectric constant of the resulting solvent mixture reduces the solvation shell around deoxyribonucleic acid and permits centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15-30 min at 4 °C. The solvent must be free of nucleases and must pass an absorbance blank below 0.01 AU at 260 nm and 280 nm by UV-VIS spectroscopy; therefore reagent-grade IPA conforming to ACS specifications is used rather than technical-grade material. In high-performance liquid chromatography, isopropyl alcohol is blended with acetonitrile or water as an organic modifier to resolve hydrophobic peptides and lipids on C18 columns; mobile phase proportions of 5-50 v/v% are typical, with the upper limit constrained by column backpressure and solvent viscosity. For gas chromatography, isopropyl alcohol is unsuitable as a direct injection solvent for electron capture detectors because of its oxygen content; published data for this specific detector configuration is limited. Terminal laboratory products include plasmid purification kits, polymerase chain reaction master mixes, and diagnostic reagent buffers.
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Luxi Chemical isopropyl alcohol (CAS 67-63-0; molar mass 60.10 g/mol) is supplied as a clear, volatile liquid for industrial solvent, precision cleaning, chemical intermediate, and surface dehydration service. Public literature does not assign a single fixed commercial model code; procurement is validated by grade type, supply chain certification, and the lot-specific certificate of analysis rather than a marketing model designation. The material is commonly released as technical/industrial grade at ≥99.5 wt% purity and as low-water electronic cleaning grade at ≥99.9 wt% purity. At 20 °C the liquid density is 0.785 g/cm³, the closed-cup flash point is 11.7 °C, the normal boiling point is 82.3 °C, and the lower flammability limit is 2.0 vol% in air. The liquid is miscible with water, ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether, and most common organic solvents. The water–IPA system forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope at 87.7 wt% IPA and 80.3 °C; this boundary defines the dehydration technology needed for grades above 99 wt% and influences both production cost and final water content.
The product is differentiated from lower-purity or recovered isopropyl alcohol streams by a narrower water specification, lower nonvolatile residue, controlled acidity, and—for electronic cleaning service—controlled trace cation levels. Industrial-grade material is specified under ASTM D770; electronic cleaning material adds ion chromatography and ICP-MS release limits for sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and aluminum. Each production lot is documented with test results. Stainless steel or high-density polyethylene packaging is used; anhydrous grade is hygroscopic and must be protected from atmospheric moisture in open dispensing systems.
At atmospheric pressure, simple distillation cannot enrich isopropyl alcohol beyond the water–IPA azeotrope at 87.7 wt% IPA and 80.3 °C. At this composition the vapour and liquid phases have the same water-to-alcohol ratio, so additional trays or reflux cannot remove the remaining water. Production of anhydrous material at ≥99.5 wt% therefore depends on a downstream dehydration unit operation rather than conventional rectification alone. Industrial dehydration routes include pressure-swing adsorption on 3A molecular sieve beds, extractive distillation with a heavy entrainer, membrane vapour permeation, and azeotropic distillation with a hydrocarbon or ketone entrainer. Pressure-swing adsorption is widely used for solvent-grade dehydration; adsorption is commonly conducted at 0.6–1.0 MPa, with regeneration under vacuum or hot purge gas, although the exact operating window is set by feed water content, bed life, and outlet dew-point target. The resulting water specification is not a cosmetic feature. Residual water above 0.05 wt% in low-water electronic grade degrades drying uniformity, can contribute to electrochemical corrosion under low-residue flux residues, and consumes reactants in esterification and chlorination downstream. In esterification with acetic acid to produce isopropyl acetate, water in the alcohol feed pushes equilibrium backward and reduces final ester yield. Low-water feed allows higher conversion at equivalent reactor temperature and catalyst loading. In fixed-bed amination to isopropylamine, water competes with ammonia for acidic or metal-active catalyst sites, and lower feed water reduces catalyst deactivation.
The production route also affects impurity distribution. Virgin material from propylene hydration may carry trace oxygenates and dissolved light hydrocarbons; material from acetone hydrogenation may retain trace acetone and secondary-alcohol byproducts. Release control therefore includes oxidation-sensitive tests and gas chromatographic headspace profiling in addition to bulk purity. A stream with acceptable isopropanol assay but uncontrolled high-boiling residue can still leave surface haze after evaporation; conversely, a high-purity stream with water above 0.2 wt% can create drying marks on glass and polished metal. Publicly available data for the specific dehydration configuration at the Luxi Chemical production site is limited; when the solvent is intended for ion-sensitive optical coatings or semiconductor front-end cleaning, the supplier certificate should be reviewed for dehydration method, trace oxygenate values, and packaging atmosphere.
Acidity is measured as acetic acid equivalent by ASTM D1613. Nonvolatile residue is measured by ASTM D1353, and water content is measured by ASTM D1364. These three parameters have more influence on residue formation than bulk purity alone. Table 1 compares typical virgin industrial-grade, low-water electronic-grade, and reclaimed technical-stream profiles. The table lists representative class boundaries from public industrial specifications; it is not a lot guarantee and should not replace the Luxi Chemical certificate of analysis.
| Property | Virgin industrial grade | Low-water electronic grade | Reclaimed technical stream |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA purity | ≥99.5 wt% | ≥99.9 wt% | 99.0–99.5 wt% |
| Water content | ≤0.20 wt% | ≤0.05 wt% | 0.3–1.0 wt% |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ≤0.002 wt% | ≤0.001 wt% | not controlled |
| Nonvolatile residue | ≤0.005 g/100 mL | ≤0.002 g/100 mL | often >0.010 g/100 mL |
| Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron | not specified | typically <10 ppb each by ICP-MS | variable |
| Reference method | ASTM D770 | ASTM D770, ASTM D1364, ICP-MS | not certified |
Low acidity matters in printed circuit board cleaning; residual acid can corrode exposed copper and increase leakage current under powered humidity testing. Nonvolatile residue measured by ASTM D1353 is a direct predictor of haze after evaporation. In high-speed board washing, residue values above 0.005 g/100 mL can deposit at the edge of solder mask and under low-standoff components, causing ionic contamination failures in IPC TM-650 2.3.25 solvent extract tests. For semiconductor-grade use, metal ions are usually controlled below 10 ppb for sodium and potassium and below specific release limits for aluminum, calcium, iron, and zinc; mobile-ion contamination shifts threshold voltages in MOS structures. Published data for Luxi Chemical’s exact lot-level metal variance and reporting limits is limited; buyers should confirm the exact method, reporting limit, and packaging atmosphere with the certificate of analysis.
Selection of the correct grade is governed by water content and residue class. In gravure and flexographic ink formulations, isopropyl alcohol is blended with esters and ketones to adjust drying-rate profile. Water content above 0.2 wt% can destabilize nitrocellulose-containing inks and reduce gloss uniformity. In aerosol coatings, the solvent reduces viscosity without aromatic hydrocarbon addition; low nonvolatile residue prevents nozzle-valve clogging after extended storage. In optical-surface wiping, the low-water electronic grade is used because water-rich alcohol can leave aqueous residue after the alcohol front evaporates. At 20 °C the solvent vapour pressure is 4.4 kPa; on open wipes evaporative cooling can lower the surface temperature below the dew point and cause condensation from ambient air. This is an operational effect, not a product defect, and is managed by conditioned wipe rooms at 45–55% RH and controlled substrate temperature.
As a chemical intermediate, anhydrous IPA is used in the production of isopropyl acetate, isopropylamine, diisopropyl ether, and isopropyl ester derivatives. For isopropyl acetate via esterification, the reaction is equilibrium-limited; controlling feed water below 0.1 wt% shifts conversion higher at fixed reactor residence time. For isopropylamine synthesis over hydrogenation/dehydrogenation metal catalysts, water competes with ammonia for adsorption; feed water control to ≤0.2 wt% is typical in fixed-bed continuous processes. In pharmaceutical and personal-care applications, only the appropriate USP or national pharmacopeial grade is relevant; industrial solvent is not directly interchangeable. Under ICH Q3C, isopropanol is a Class 3 residual solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day, but the material used in active pharmaceutical ingredient processing must also meet monograph impurity and residual-aldehyde controls.
The difference between a 99.9 wt% low-water grade and a 99.5 wt% technical grade is most evident in the final evaporation period. Water is less volatile than isopropanol, so the remaining liquid film after alcohol evaporation is enriched in water. In a technical-grade material with 0.2 wt% water, the tailing film may persist longer and leave a faint boundary where the droplet edge pinned to the substrate. On polished glass, sapphire, indium tin oxide, or coated optical filters, that boundary is imaged as scatter or haze. In printed circuit board cleaning, water-rich tail solvent can leave ionic residues mobilized under a no-clean flux and contribute to electrochemical migration under biased humidity testing at 85 °C/85% RH. The low-water grade reduces this mechanism but does not eliminate contamination from an improperly rinsed board; rinse-bath cleanliness and exclusion of reclaimed alcohol remain critical.
Precision wiping uses the same chemical family but cleaner material. The difference from reclaimed technical streams is not only water; it includes aldehyde, ketone, and peroxide content. During recovery, secondary alcohol streams may autoxidize to acetone and acetaldehyde; these oxygenates can react with amine-functional flux residues and discolour soldermask. Virgin-grade material is controlled by specification and stored under nitrogen where required; certificates often include a permanganate time as an oxidation-sensitive measure for low aldehydes and ketones. Publicly available data for a fixed permanganate time threshold on Luxi Chemical material is limited, but virgin industrial isopropanol generally shows a longer permanganate fade time than oxidized reclaimed material. For contact with sensitive optical coatings, the exact lot value should be requested. Unlike recovered technical streams, the low-water grade is also specified for nonvolatile residue and metal ions, making the difference measurable by ASTM D1353 and ICP-MS rather than by visual appearance alone.
In ultrasonic cleaning, isopropyl alcohol is used at 40–60 kHz in benchtop tanks or at higher frequencies for fine particle removal. The low surface tension of 21.7 mN/m at 20 °C allows penetration into narrow gaps under components. Ultrasonic agitation of a Class 1B flammable liquid requires explosion-proof transducers, local exhaust, and temperature control below the flash point; open tanks heated above 40 °C become a vapour hazard unless inerted. The low-water grade minimizes water staining on aluminum heat sinks after drying, but aluminum compatibility must be confirmed because alcohol in contact with reactive aluminum surfaces under friction can form aluminum alkoxide. This is a known limitation for extended wetting of bare aluminum.
Transport classification for isopropanol is UN 1219, Class 3, Packing Group II. Storage is governed by NFPA 30 as a Class 1B flammable liquid; the closed-cup flash point of 11.7 °C means that vapour can ignite at normal ambient temperatures. Vapour density is approximately 2.1 relative to air, so vapour can accumulate in pits, drains, and low-vapour-velocity zones. Bonding and grounding are required during drum and IBC transfer. The product should be segregated from strong oxidizers, acid chlorides, concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and peroxide-forming compounds. Stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, or fluoropolymer-lined equipment is preferred; prolonged contact with natural rubber and certain elastomers may cause swelling. Anhydrous low-water grade is hygroscopic. In a facility with ambient relative humidity above 60%, headspace moisture in an open drum or IBC will partition into the alcohol and increase water content over repeated access. Sealed dispensing, dry-nitrogen blanketing, or closed-loop recirculation is required to maintain certified water content. Table 2 lists the control matrix used in the product life cycle.
| Control area | Reference | Applied criterion |
|---|---|---|
| Industrial purity | ASTM D770 | Grade verification |
| Water content | ASTM D1364 | low-water grade ≤0.05 wt% |
| Flash point | ASTM D56 | 11.7 °C closed cup |
| Transport | UN 1219, Class 3, PG II | Isopropanol |
| Storage | NFPA 30 | Class 1B flammable liquid handling |
| Occupational exposure | ACGIH TLV | 200 ppm TWA; 400 ppm STEL |
| Residual solvent | ICH Q3C | Class 3; 50 mg/day PDE |
Maintain separation from oxidizers, strong acids, and open flames; equip receiving vessels with electrically grounded bonding straps.
