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| HS Code | 882853 |
| Product Name | Isopropyl Alcohol |
| Manufacturer | Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Strong alcoholic, sweet odor |
| Purity | ≥99.9% |
| Boiling Point | 82.5°C |
| Melting Point | -89°C |
| Flash Point | 12°C (closed cup) |
| Specific Gravity | 0.786 at 20°C |
| Solubility | Miscible in water, alcohol, ether, acetone |
| Refractive Index | 1.377 at 20°C |
As an accredited Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | This packaging contains 20 litres of Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol in a durable HDPE jerry can with clear hazard labeling. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Loading 20′ FCL with Isopropyl Alcohol from Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd, ensuring secure stowage and compliant handling. |
| Shipping | Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol ships as UN1219, Class 3 flammable liquid. It is packed in approved drums, IBCs, or tank containers with hazard labels and dangerous goods documentation. Transport complies with IMDG, ADR, or IATA regulations, requiring segregation from oxidizers, ground bonding, and spill containment measures. |
| Storage | Store Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly closed and properly grounded to prevent static discharge. Separate from oxidizers and acids. Use explosion-proof equipment, ensure spill containment, and maintain accessible fire-fighting supplies nearby. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 2–3 years when unopened, and 1 year after opening if stored tightly sealed. |
Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd supplies 2-propanol for wafer surface preparation in 300 mm logic and memory fabs. The compound is used in post-CMP clean, post-etch residue removal, and final drying. The solvent is introduced as an ultrapure liquid or as a heated vapour in a final rinse module. In megasonic-assisted cleaning, 99.9% assay IPA is blended with deionized water at 10–20% v/v for particle lift-off without attacking porous low-k dielectrics. In Marangoni-type IPA vapour dryers, the solvent is heated to 68–75 °C and carried by nitrogen into the drying chamber. Surface tension gradients displace water from high-aspect-ratio trenches and through-silicon via structures. Purchasing specifications for this segment normally reference SEMI C8-0318 and ASTM D770. Additional lot-specific limits are imposed for chloride, sulfate, sodium, calcium, zinc, and aluminium by ICP-MS. Many incoming QC plans require total trace metals below 10 ppb and particle counts at 0.2 µm below 100 counts/mL. The terminal product is a wafer edge, via, and active surface free of adsorbed water and ionic residues. Production failure modes include pattern collapse, watermark formation, and corrosion of exposed copper pads when the IPA lot carries excess free acid or water above 0.10%.
In oral solid dosage manufacture, 2-propanol is used as a wet-granulation binder solvent and as an extraction solvent for poorly water-soluble actives. ICH Q3C lists isopropanol as a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day. Under Option 2, the residual concentration in a finished dry dosage form is not to exceed 5000 ppm (0.5%) unless justified by patient safety data. The granulating fluid ratio is not fixed by monograph. It is determined by wet mass endpoint, sieve retention, and impeller power draw on the high-shear granulator. In typical high-shear equipment, the solvent is introduced at 15–30 wt% of the dry powder charge through a peristaltic pump at low impeller speed. The wet mass is then processed at an impeller tip speed of 4–8 m/s and dried in a fluid bed with inlet air at 60–70 °C. Residual solvent is confirmed by GC headspace according to USP <467> or Ph. Eur. 2.4.24. Terminal products include film-coated tablets, capsules, and purified intermediates. The excipient grade must satisfy the 2-propanol monograph in USP-NF and Ph. Eur.. Benzene and methanol are controlled under compendial impurity limits. Process boundaries include explosion-proof drying rooms and nitrogen blanketing because the lower flammability limit is 2.0% v/v in air.
WHO Formulation 1 calls for isopropanol 75% v/v, glycerol 1.45% v/v, hydrogen peroxide 0.125% v/v, and purified water to volume. The alcohol is the active microbicide. Glycerol acts as emollient. Hydrogen peroxide is an in-process sporicidal agent against contaminants in mixing tanks and filling lines. Manufacturing follows WHO local production guidance and current good manufacturing practice under FDA 21 CFR 210 and 211 where the product is registered as an OTC drug. The IPA source should meet the USP-NF 2-propanol monograph. Tank charging is ordered by density to avoid high local hydrogen peroxide concentration. Mixing time is typically 20–30 min at 20–25 °C. A hold time of 72 h before final filling allows spore inactivation. Terminal products are squeeze bottles, pump foams, and wipes with nominal alcohol concentration tested by gas chromatography. Deviation below 70% v/v or above 91.3% v/v may fall outside the FDA antiseptic monograph concentration range for isopropanol. Fire protection for bulk storage must address a flash point of 12 °C and lower explosion limit of 2.0% v/v. Published data for this specific configuration is limited. WHO field production records support the 72 h hydrogen peroxide hold in low-resource settings.
In flexographic and gravure packaging lines, 2-propanol is metered into ink sumps as a letdown solvent for nitrocellulose and polyamide resin systems. Ink viscosity is adjusted to 18–25 s on a DIN EN ISO 2431 4 mm flow cup at 25 °C. Press speed, anilox cell depth, and substrate surface energy shift the target within this range. The addition rate is not fixed. A high-speed narrow-web flexo press may require 5–15 wt% added solvent per 100 kg of pigmented ink over an eight-hour shift to compensate for evaporation. Evaporation loss from open ink trays and enclosed doctor blade chambers is measured by solid-content checks with a heated balance. The solvent retards skinning and controls coalescence of pigment particles on absorbent kraft, polyethylene film, and aluminium foil. Compliance for packaging inks follows EU Framework Regulation 1935/2004 and EuPIA guidance where food-contact substrates are involved. The solvent is not an intentionally added substance in the printed product. Residual solvent in printed packaging is controlled by the converter’s GMP. Terminal products include confectionery wrappers, flexible pouches, and corrugated preprint. A key process boundary is explosive atmosphere classification. Vapour heavier than air can reach the lower explosive limit in enclosed press enclosures, requiring LEV and solvent recovery. Published data for this specific configuration is limited. Ink formulators determine final letdown ratio by viscosity rather than by weight.
Chemical intermediate processing uses 2-propanol in acetone production, isopropyl acetate synthesis, and diisopropyl ether manufacture. Vapour-phase dehydrogenation to acetone occurs over copper or copper-zinc oxide catalysts at 250–350 °C and 0.1–0.5 MPa, with single-pass conversion of 85–95% and selectivity above 90% in optimized plants. The crude acetone is distilled to separate unreacted IPA, water, and side products including diisopropyl ether and mesityl oxide. Direct esterification with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst yields isopropyl acetate. Continuous plants use reactive distillation to push equilibrium. Acetic acid is fed in slight molar excess, commonly 1.05:1 acid to alcohol. The terminal products are solvents for coatings, electronic cleaning fluids, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Compliance for this segment is driven by REACH registration and downstream volume tracking. Purchasing specifies an industrial grade with minimum assay 99.0%, water below 0.5%, and no suspended matter. Process operation requires flameproof equipment because the reactor feed is preheated above its flash point. Vapour space oxygen is excluded by nitrogen purge. The main plant limitation is catalyst sintering and carbon deposition if feedstock water or acidic impurities are not controlled. Published data for specific copper catalyst lifetimes under IPA feed is limited outside proprietary licensor reports.
Paint-preparation wipe-down and automotive refinishing use isopropanol in a non-aqueous degreasing step before adhesion of primers and basecoats. The solvent is applied by saturated lint-free wipes or a compressed-air siphon sprayer at 100% or blended with isobutyl acetate at 20–40% for slower evaporation. It removes silicone lubricants, fingerprint oils, and sanding dust from steel, aluminium, and cured epoxy primers. Evaporation rate relative to n-butyl acetate is approximately 2.3, allowing the surface to flash dry in 30–120 s at 20 °C booth temperature. The terminal product is a prepared metal or plastic part entering a spray booth. VOC regulations such as EU Directive 2004/42/EC and CARB automotive refinishing limits restrict total solvent emissions rather than IPA concentration in the wipe solvent. Process incompatibility includes moisture absorption from humid air above 60% RH, which lowers solvent strength for non-polar soils. The flash point of 12 °C places the liquid in transport Class 3, Packing Group II for flammable liquid when supplied in bulk. Operators use electrically bonded containers and local exhaust in enclosed preparation bays.
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Isopropyl alcohol supplied by Orient-Salt Chemicals Pte Ltd is a refined secondary alcohol solvent typically supplied as anhydrous industrial grade with an assay of not less than 99.8% when tested by gas chromatography against ASTM D770-21. The corresponding aqueous 70% grade is prepared by dilution with demineralized water for disinfection and cleanroom wiping. No distinct model number is assigned in published product documentation; the material is identified by grade, assay, moisture, residue, acidity, and distillation range. The substance corresponds to CAS 67-63-0, with molecular weight 60.10 g/mol, boiling point 82.5°C, closed-cup flash point 12°C, viscosity approximately 2.4 mPa·s at 20°C, and vapour pressure approximately 4.4 kPa at 20°C. Under NFPA 30, the liquid is classified as flammable liquid Class IB. It is miscible with water, ethanol, acetone, toluene, and chlorinated solvents; miscibility with aliphatic hydrocarbons is temperature dependent. The anhydrous grade is typically packaged in fluoropolymer-lined 200 L drums or 1000 L stainless steel totes. Supplier-published data for the Orient-Salt product configuration are limited; therefore, the technical profile below applies standard industrial isopropyl alcohol data and ASTM D770-21 benchmark values.
Use of anhydrous isopropyl alcohol in precision cleaning is constrained by atmospheric water uptake and the resulting conductive residue after drying. The anhydrous grade is specified at a water mass fraction of ≤ 0.10% by weight when tested by Karl Fischer method ASTM D1364. In open containers exposed to relative humidity above 60%, water content can drift to 0.3–0.5% within a single production shift because the solvent forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope with water at approximately 87.7 wt% alcohol and 80.4°C. On 40 kHz ultrasonic cleaning systems with 316L stainless steel transducer tanks, water content above 0.2% is operationally associated with ionic residue on glass substrates and battery contact foils after drying; residual water retains trace chloride and sulfate as conductive microdroplets. Batch-to-batch variance is controlled by dry-nitrogen blanketing, sealed stainless transfer lines, and moisture specification limits on incoming raw material. Electronic and optical cleaning operations typically tighten the nonvolatile residue limit to ≤ 2 mg/100 mL under ASTM D1353 and require filtration to 1 µm or finer. Published data for the Orient-Salt product in this specific configuration are limited; process qualification should verify moisture and residue using the actual packaging configuration and transfer system.
Dilution of flexographic and rotogravure inks with isopropyl alcohol is controlled by Zahn cup efflux time rather than volumetric addition. On a 20°C ink tray, anhydrous IPA reduces viscosity by breaking hydrogen-bond networks in nitrocellulose and acrylic resin systems. The relative evaporation rate of approximately 2.8 relative to n-butyl acetate creates open-tray viscosity drift; process control on 8-colour stack flexographic presses with chambered doctor blades typically adds IPA in increments below 1.5% of ink volume to preserve print density. Isopropyl alcohol differs from ethanol in this application through a lower polar Hansen solubility parameter of 6.1 MPa½ versus 8.8 MPa½ for ethanol, which reduces water sensitivity in nitrocellulose letdown and permits better tolerance of low-polarity plasticizer migration from filmic substrates. The product also evaporates more slowly than acetone, reducing cylinder spotting on high-speed stations, but more quickly than n-butyl acetate, which limits open time in shallow impression presses.
Vapour degreasing with isopropyl alcohol requires acidity and nonvolatile residue control because repeated condensation cycles concentrate oxidative by-products. Industrial-grade IPA should carry an acidity value ≤ 0.002% w/w as acetic acid under ASTM D1613. Solvent breakdown in the presence of oxygen and process heat can generate trace acetone, propionaldehyde, and organic acids; these species shift pH and accelerate copper and brass corrosion in closed-loop degreasers. In a 120 L sump vapour degreaser with 10°C cooling coils, acid number drift beyond 0.005% w/w has been associated with visible tarnish on brass electrical terminals within 300 operating hours. Nonvolatile residue limits set at ≤ 5 mg/100 mL under ASTM D1353 prevent concentration of heavier oils on the workpiece surface during evaporation. The product is available as uninhibited isopropyl alcohol for analytical evaporation tests and as a lightly stabilised grade for closed-loop service exceeding 30 days. Unlike methanol-containing degreaser blends, isopropyl alcohol has a higher boiling point and lower toxicological risk, but it still requires oxygen exclusion and anti-acid buffering for sustained high-temperature use.
Cleanroom and biological surface disinfection with 70% isopropyl alcohol depends on the slower evaporation of the aqueous grade relative to the anhydrous grade. Pure isopropyl alcohol has a surface tension of approximately 21.7 mN/m at 25°C. The 70% v/v aqueous blend has a density near 0.872 g/cm³ at 20°C and a surface tension below water but above the anhydrous solvent, allowing the liquid to wet polyester–cellulose wipes without instantaneous flash-off. Wipe converting lines saturating hydroentangled polyester–cellulose substrates to 3.5 mL/g media use the 70% grade to provide the required contact time for vegetative bacterial inactivation. In pharmaceutical cleanrooms, the solvent is applied through trigger sprayers or bulk-fill wipes stored in 316L stainless steel canisters. The product must meet current USP <1072> disinfectant validation expectations for bioburden control and ICH Q3C Class 3 residual solvent limits. Isopropyl alcohol is listed in ICH Q3C as a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day; residual analysis in wipe residues is typically performed by static headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
Replacement of ethanol with isopropyl alcohol in hand rub and surface disinfectant compounding changes the evaporation profile, flash point, and denaturant requirements. Anhydrous isopropyl alcohol at 99.8% assay diluted to 75% v/v with purified water produces a formulation with a closed-cup flash point near 22°C; the blend remains a flammable liquid and is handled under NFPA 30 Class IC conditions when the flash point exceeds 22.8°C. Manufacturing lines using in-line static mixers with 20 L/min flow rate control the dilution exotherm by staged water addition; the final blend is filtered through 0.45 µm polyethersulfone membrane filters before filling. Isopropyl alcohol differs from denatured ethanol in that the secondary alcohol does not require the same denaturant package and has a lower diversion risk, but it has a stronger solvent odour and slower cutaneous evaporation. Quality control for the compounded disinfectant typically includes alcohol concentration by gas chromatography, peroxide formation screening, and residue after evaporation. The blend should be stored in high-density polyethylene or fluoropolymer containers to limit metal ion contamination.
Table 1 summarises representative property windows for an anhydrous industrial grade conforming to ASTM D770-21. These values are supplied as purchase specification benchmarks when the Orient-Salt certificate of analysis is not available.
| Property | Typical acceptance window | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Assay | ≥ 99.8% area by gas chromatography | ASTM D770-21 |
| Water content | ≤ 0.10% by weight | ASTM D1364 |
| Nonvolatile residue | ≤ 5 mg/100 mL | ASTM D1353 |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ≤ 0.002% w/w | ASTM D1613 |
| Colour Pt-Co | ≤ 10 | ASTM D1209 |
| Specific gravity at 20/20°C | 0.785–0.787 | ASTM D4052 |
| Distillation range at 101.3 kPa | 81.0–83.0°C | ASTM D1078 |
Assay by gas chromatography alone does not guarantee residue-free evaporation. High-boiling impurities such as dipropyl ether and condensation products can remain on substrates after the bulk solvent has evaporated. Nonvolatile residue values above 5 mg/100 mL are unacceptable for semiconductor carrier cleaning because they produce visible haze on silicon polish pads. For pharmaceutical extraction, the solvent should meet ICH Q3C residual solvent limits and should be stored under nitrogen to reduce acetone formation via oxidative dehydrogenation. Isopropyl alcohol with moisture at the upper limit is more corrosive toward carbon steel transfer pumps; continuous service is specified with 316L stainless steel or high-density polyethylene wetted parts.
Comparative volatility and solvency data for common process solvents appear in Table 2. The values are drawn from public solvent reference data and are intended for substitution risk assessment, not as product specifications.
| Property | Isopropyl alcohol | Ethanol | Acetone | n-Butyl acetate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boiling point at 101.3 kPa (°C) | 82.5 | 78.4 | 56.2 | 126.1 |
| Flash point closed cup (°C) | 12 | 13 | -18 | 22 |
| Relative evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1.0) | 2.8 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 1.0 |
| Hansen polar solubility parameter (MPa½) | 6.1 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 3.7 |
| Surface tension at 20°C (mN/m) | 21.7 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 25.1 |
Compared with ethanol, isopropyl alcohol has a higher boiling point, lower polar solubility parameter, and slightly lower flash point. It is less water-sensitive as a nitrocellulose ink letdown solvent and does not require ethanol-specific excise or denaturant logistics. Compared with acetone, isopropyl alcohol has a higher flash point, slower evaporation rate, and lower carbonyl-related stability risk in waterborne systems. Compared with n-butyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol is fully miscible with water and evaporates far more quickly, making it suitable for residue-sensitive drying but less effective in long-open-time coating applications. These differences do not imply universal substitution; resin solubility, plasticizer migration, and flash-point compliance must be evaluated for each formulation.
For polymer surface preparation before bonding and coating, isopropyl alcohol functions as a degreaser and polarity modifier. Injection-moulded polycarbonate and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene parts are wiped with 70% IPA to remove mould-release agents before adhesive bonding. The solvent swells the top 0.5–1.0 µm surface layer sufficiently to enhance adhesion but cannot replace mechanical etching for low-surface-energy polyolefins. In a 300-ton injection moulding cell producing polycarbonate medical housings, a 70% IPA wipe-down is used after mould release and before pad printing; solvent residue is controlled by drying at 40°C for 120 s. The product should not be used on acrylic components under high stress because alcohol-induced crazing can occur at stressed joints; annealed poly(methyl methacrylate) is preferred.
In surface-mount technology stencil cleaning, anhydrous isopropyl alcohol is used for removal of Type 3 solder paste residues from underscreen wipes. Cleaning lines using polypropylene wipe rolls and an advance speed of 5 mm/stroke remove soft paste residue, but hardened paste requires longer dwell time or a higher-polarity solvent such as propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate. The solvent’s boiling point of 82.5°C enables rapid drying but limits soaking time on warm stencil surfaces above 50°C. Published data for the Orient-Salt product in this SMT configuration are limited; process qualification should include surface insulation resistance testing according to IPC-TM-650 2.6.3.3.
Because isopropyl alcohol is a flammable, peroxide-forming solvent, storage and transfer systems must address fire, oxidation, and polymer compatibility. The product should be stored in closed containers away from oxidizers, strong acids, and ignition sources. Electric pumps and transfer lines require bonding and grounding; vapour detection systems should alarm at 10% of the lower explosive limit. Continuous exposure to atmospheric oxygen under ultraviolet light can produce trace acetone and hydrogen peroxide; peroxide formation should be screened quarterly by iodometric titration in returnable stainless steel totes. The solvent softens or swells natural rubber, neoprene, and certain polyurethane elastomers; perfluoroelastomer or polytetrafluoroethylene gaskets are required for diaphragm pump components. Isopropyl alcohol should not be blended with sodium hypochlorite, potable water chloramines, or concentrated hydrogen peroxide in closed mixers because oxidative decomposition can generate acetone, organic acids, and heat. Empty containers retain flammable vapour and must not be cut, welded, or incinerated without cleaning and inerting.
