Products
Products
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| HS Code | 891168 |
| Product Name | Sigma Aldrich 2-Propanol, Anhydrous Isopropanol, 99.5% IPA |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Formula | C3H8O |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Purity | 99.5% |
| Form | Liquid |
| Color | Clear colorless |
| Density | 0.785 g/mL at 25°C |
| Boiling Point | 82.4°C |
| Melting Point | -89.5°C |
| Flash Point | 11.7°C (closed cup) |
| Refractive Index | 1.377 at 20°C |
| Vapor Pressure | 33 mmHg at 20°C |
As an accredited Sigma Aldrich 2-Propanol, Anhydrous Isopropanol, 99.5%IPA factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | 1 L supplied in a Sure/Seal aluminum bottle under nitrogen, with a crimp cap and septum, preserving anhydrous 99.5% isopropanol purity. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: anhydrous 2-Propanol (99.5% IPA) packed in UN-approved drums, secured, labeled, and shipped per hazmat regulations. |
| Shipping | Ship as UN1219 Isopropanol, Packing Group II. Use approved glass or metal containers grounded against static, with leakproof caps. Clearly label flammable liquid, Class 3. Avoid heat, sparks, and ignition sources. Ensure secondary containment, upright orientation, and compliant documentation for ground or air transport. |
| Storage | Store Sigma Aldrich 2-Propanol (Anhydrous Isopropanol, 99.5%) in a tightly sealed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Due to its anhydrous nature, protect from moisture and store under dry conditions. Keep away from incompatible materials like strong oxidizers, acids, and certain metals. Ensure appropriate grounding and fire safety measures are in place. |
| Shelf Life | Store tightly sealed, away from moisture and heat. Shelf life typically 3–5 years if unopened; ensure anhydrous conditions. |
In semiconductor fabrication, Sigma-Aldrich anhydrous isopropanol (2-propanol, 99.5 wt%) is utilized as a low-moisture final rinse and surface-tension modifier on single-wafer spin processors and in Marangoni drying modules, where residual water in lower-purity technical grades contributes to drying marks on hydrophobic low-k dielectrics and high-aspect-ratio trench arrays. The addition ratio in the critical final rinse is 100% neat solvent, with no aqueous dilution when the objective is displacement of adsorbed moisture; however, in post-chemical mechanical planarization cleaning, blends of 50–80 vol% IPA with ultrapure water are sometimes used to adjust the solubility of ceria or alumina slurry residues. Compliance is anchored to SEMI C33 for trace metal and particle specifications, ISO 14644-1 Class 2 cleanroom operational discipline, and IEST-STD-CC1246E for surface cleanliness verification. Production-scale configurations include recirculating overflow rinse baths fitted with 0.1 µm PTFE membrane filters, heated vapor degreasing vessels maintained at 35–45°C, and Marangoni dryers in which nitrogen-carried IPA vapor is introduced at the air-water interface. Field failure modes include headspace moisture uptake that raises water content above 0.1 wt% and leaves circular drying defects on patterned wafers, as well as non-volatile residue accumulation when reclaimed solvent from downstream recycle loops is reintroduced without adequate fractional distillation. Terminal product categories include logic and memory semiconductor wafers, photomasks, MEMS sensors, radio-frequency filter devices, and compound semiconductor epi-ready substrates. Anhydrous IPA is not introduced into baths containing concentrated nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or other strong oxidizers because of potential exothermic decomposition and violent off-gassing.
In small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredient isolation, anhydrous 99.5% IPA is charged as a water-miscible antisolvent into jacketed glass-lined crystallizers to reduce the solubility of the target compound from polar reaction matrices. Published crystallization protocols commonly specify antisolvent-to-product-solution volume ratios between 3:1 and 10:1, with the exact addition ratio determined by solubility curves and nucleation kinetics for each API polymorph. The solvent is added through metering pumps or mass flow controllers at a controlled rate to avoid oiling out and to maintain crystal size distribution. For equipment cleaning, 100% IPA is used as a rinse followed by purified water, while for topical disinfectant formulations the anhydrous grade is diluted with purified water to a final concentration of 60–75 vol% IPA. Compliance requirements include ICH Q3C Class 3 residual solvent limits of 5,000 ppm, USP <467> residual solvent testing, and 21 CFR 211.67 for written cleaning procedures and equipment cleanliness. Downstream processing after antisolvent crystallization includes polish filtration through 0.45 µm polypropylene cartridge filters, agitated filter dryer vacuum filtration with heated nitrogen blowdown, and low-shear milling under dry conditions. Terminal product types include crystalline small-molecule APIs, peptide drug substances, topical hand sanitizers, disinfectant sprays, and critical rinse solvents for stainless-steel reactor systems. Operational boundaries include avoidance of prolonged storage in unlined carbon steel vessels where iron-catalyzed oxidation may generate acetone and acidic byproducts.
The hydrolysis sensitivity of ester-based polyurethane ink binders makes the water content of the dilution solvent a critical process variable; anhydrous 99.5% IPA is therefore metered into flexographic inks intended for indirect food-contact packaging, where technical solvent grades containing 0.1–0.5 wt% water can reduce lamination bond strength after polyurethane dry-lamination. Formulation addition levels in this process generally fall between 3 wt% and 8 wt% of press-ready ink, with higher additions up to 12 wt% in gravure ink systems that require slower evaporation on high-speed multicolor lines. Compliance is governed by EU Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 for food-contact materials, FDA 21 CFR 175.300 for resinous and polymeric coatings, and Swiss Ordinance SR 817.023.21 Annex 6 where printing inks are not positively listed. In the ink kitchen, press viscosity is controlled with a Zahn cup #2 target of 20–25 s or a rotational spindle viscometer before the ink is delivered to anilox roller metering and doctor blade wiping on polyethylene or polyester film substrates. Drying occurs in high-velocity hot-air ovens between 60°C and 80°C, and the residual solvent level in the finished printed layer is monitored by gas chromatographic headspace analysis to meet converter-specific specifications. Terminal product types include snack food lamination inks, heat-sealable pouch film prints, shrink sleeve labels, and beverage cup outerwrap graphics. IPA is not used as the sole solvent in polyvinyl chloride film printing because of plasticizer extraction and film whitening.
Emulsifiable concentrate formulations for agricultural active ingredients incorporate anhydrous isopropanol (99.5%) as a polar co-solvent to dissolve solid technical-grade actives that are poorly soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon carriers and to lower the viscosity of high-load concentrates before emulsification in water. The addition ratio in this application typically ranges from 5 wt% to 20 wt% of the total formulation, with the lower boundary set by solvation capacity and the upper boundary constrained by flash point and phytotoxicity risk. Compliance for formulated products sold in multiple jurisdictions is evaluated against FAO/WHO pesticide specification guidelines and CIPAC MT 36.3 for emulsification characteristics, while marketing in the United States requires registration under FIFRA and adherence to EPA 40 CFR 180 residue tolerance data where applicable to the active ingredient. Production is carried out in stainless-steel or glass-lined blend vessels with rotor-stator high-shear mixing at 1,500–3,000 rpm, followed by 24 h stability screening at 0°C and 54°C to detect phase separation or crystal growth. The emulsifiable concentrate is diluted in water at use rates of 0.2–2.0 vol% and sprayed through flat fan nozzles, with fine droplet formation dependent on the final solvent-water interfacial tension. Terminal product categories include emulsifiable concentrate herbicides, insecticides, acaricides, and plant growth regulators. Isopropanol alone is not a suitable replacement for xylene-range aromatic solvents in high-melting technical actives because solubility may be insufficient; the co-solvent package is therefore designed using formulation solubility screens rather than simple solvent substitution.
When clinical histology laboratories replace xylene with isopropanol, automated tissue processors rely on the 99.5% anhydrous grade for the final dehydration steps because water contamination at the 1–2 wt% level can retard paraffin infiltration and produce soft tissue blocks that are difficult to microtome. The dehydration train generally progresses through 70%, 95%, and two changes of 100% isopropanol, with 3–4 mm tissue sections residing in each 100% station for 45–60 min under vacuum. Compliance frameworks include College of American Pathologists / Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments accreditation requirements for reagent quality and procedural documentation, OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1048 for formaldehyde exposure when formalin-fixed tissue is present, and waste-management obligations triggered by solvent-laden tissue processor retort effluents. Processing occurs in closed automated tissue processors with retort capacities of 300–350 cassettes, applied pressure and vacuum cycles of −40 kPa to +30 kPa, and reagent temperatures near 35°C; paraffin embedding follows the final isopropanol stage before microtomy at 4–5 µm. Terminal products include hematoxylin and eosin-stained pathology slides, immunohistochemistry slides, cytology cell blocks, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded research tissue microarrays. The anhydrous grade is not a direct substitute for ethanol in all clinical fixation or dehydration protocols without verification of facility-specific downstream staining sensitivity, because residual isopropanol can interact with certain automated stainer reagent lines.
Assembled printed circuit boards exposed to no-clean solder paste often require a halogen-free final rinse after selective soldering or rework even when no-clean residue is intended to remain on the board, and anhydrous 99.5% IPA is used in isopropanol-based cleaning regimes because it avoids introducing the chloride and bromide species that would confound ionic contamination testing. The addition ratio for this final rinse is either 100% neat solvent or 90 vol% IPA in deionized water, with the neat form preferred when post-clean electrical resistance measurement must return rapidly to a high baseline. Compliance is verified against IPC-J-STD-001 ionic cleanliness thresholds of 1.56 µg NaCl/cm² equivalent using IPC-TM-650 method 2.3.25, and solvent resistivity is monitored by ASTM D5391 where contamination control is critical. Process equipment includes 40 kHz ultrasonic dip tanks, spray-under-immersion systems with 0.2 µm filtration, and vapor degreasing chambers operating at 75–82°C with condensing coils above the vapor zone; boards are then dried in forced convection ovens at 65°C for 15–20 min. Terminal product categories include high-reliability PCB assemblies for industrial controls, cable harness connectors, rework-cleaned printed circuit boards, and stencil printing tools after solder paste removal. The solvent is not applied to energized assemblies or used in aerosol form near open arcs because the flash point of IPA is 12°C closed cup, and vapor accumulation requires explosion-rated ventilation.
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Sigma Aldrich 2-propanol, anhydrous, 99.5% IPA, product number 278475, is a high-purity isopropyl alcohol with CAS 67-63-0, linear formula (CH₃)₂CHOH, molecular weight 60.10 g/mol, and a water specification of ≤0.1% determined by Karl Fischer titration. The material is supplied in borosilicate glass containers and released against a lot-specific certificate of analysis that reports chromatographic assay, water content, and non-volatile residue. Under CLP, the material is classified as Flam. Liq. 2, H225; Eye Irrit. 2, H319; STOT SE 3, H336. The ICH Q3C guideline lists isopropanol as a Class 3 residual solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day. At a density of 0.785 g/mL, a 1 L container carries a theoretical maximum of 785 mg water under the ≤0.1% limit; a 100 mL aliquot carries ≤78.5 mg water. This limit defines the product boundary in water-sensitive synthesis, precision cleaning, and extraction workflows where trace water can change reaction selectivity or produce drying defects.
| Parameter | Control value | Test method/standard |
|---|---|---|
| 2-Propanol assay | ≥99.5% | Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection |
| Water | ≤0.1% | Karl Fischer titration, ASTM E203 or ISO 760 |
| Non-volatile residue | ≤0.001% | Evaporation at 105 ± 2 °C, ASTM D1353 |
| Flash point, closed cup | 12 °C | ASTM D56 |
| Boiling point at 101.3 kPa | 82.4 °C | ASTM D86 |
| Surface tension at 20 °C | 21.7 mN/m | Wilhelmy plate |
In organometallic chemistry, the use of anhydrous 2-propanol is governed primarily by the water mass fraction and the presence of polar oxidation by-products such as acetone. For Grignard reagent preparation or aluminium isopropoxide formation, a reactor charge of 78.5 g from a 100 mL bottle contains no more than 78.5 mg water under the ≤0.1% specification. Published data for this specific configuration is limited for reactions requiring water below 10 ppm; in-house drying over molecular sieves and subsequent Karl Fischer verification is still required when a reaction demands that low-water boundary. The product is compatible with Schlenk, cannula, and glovebox transfers when the container is blanketed with inert gas after opening. A 60 °C heating step under nitrogen in a three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser and pressure-equalized addition funnel is commonly used to displace dissolved atmospheric gases before air-sensitive addition; the closed-cup flash point of 12 °C imposes an upper handling temperature well below typical open-vessel distillation temperatures without forced vapour extraction. Acid-catalyzed dehydration to propylene is a thermal boundary in closed recovery loops operating above 120 °C, and the vapour/air flammability interval of 2.0% to 12.7% by volume controls vessel inerting requirements.
In extraction work, the absence of a large water heel changes partitioning behavior. A 99.5% IPA stream with water ≤0.1% gives cleaner phase separation with sodium chloride-saturated aqueous mobile phases in nucleic acid precipitation; the lower aqueous content reduces co-extraction of salts into the final isolate. In a 5 mL solvent extraction of plant alkaloids from aqueous ethanol extracts, the IPA layer retains a water mass of ≤5 mg under specification, compared with a 95% technical solvent that can contribute 250 mg water in the same volume. The material is also used as a rinsing solvent for high-performance liquid chromatography systems after non-polar mobile phases; in that workflow, refractive index and particulate residue are the critical attributes. Filtration through a 0.2 μm PTFE syringe filter after bulk transfer from the container is recommended to remove any glass-shed particles, and the residue after evaporation parameter of ≤0.001% corresponds to ≤10 mg non-volatile material per 1000 g sample.
Anhydrous isopropanol is used as a final rinse in precision cleaning where spot-free evaporation is controlled by the water specification. The surface tension of 2-propanol is approximately 21.7 mN/m at 20 °C, significantly lower than water’s 72.8 mN/m; this lower surface tension allows the solvent to penetrate narrow gaps in stainless-steel compression fittings and membrane filter housings. The material leaves no non-volatile residue above the ≤0.001% release limit when evaporated at 105 ± 2 °C in a forced-air oven per ASTM D1353. In semiconductor and optical substrate drying, water content above 0.5% is often associated with water spot defects after Marangoni drying; the ≤0.1% limit of this product reduces but does not eliminate that risk because atmospheric reabsorption of water in open baths can shift the composition within minutes in humid conditions. Closed-loop delivery from the bottle through PTFE tubing and a 0.2 μm point-of-use filter is specified for cleaning stations; published data for this specific configuration is limited, but the practice prevents humid room air from condensing on the solvent surface. In ultrasonic cleaning tanks equipped with 40 kHz transducers, the product should be covered during operation because the vapour pressure of 33 mm Hg at 20 °C produces a flammable overhead atmosphere under open-tank conditions.
In a pilot-scale wiped-film evaporator, recovered anhydrous IPA from a polyvinylpyrrolidone cleaning loop showed water ingress from steam-traced flange connections; batch-to-batch water values varied from 0.08% to 0.15% until the traced joints were replaced with PTFE gaskets and the receiver was fitted with a nitrogen blanket. Each recovered batch was measured by ASTM E203 before reuse. The flash point of 12 °C imposes a maximum transfer velocity of 1 m/s for grounded stainless-steel lines to avoid static accumulation, per IEC 60079-32-1 guidance. Fire safety follows NFPA 30 flammable-liquid storage limits; the product is a Class IB flammable liquid because its closed-cup flash point is below 22.8 °C and its boiling point is above 37.8 °C. Workroom vapour concentration should be maintained below 10% of the lower explosive limit, which corresponds to 0.2% vapour concentration by volume for the 2.0% lower explosive limit.
Substitution of this anhydrous product for ACS-grade 2-propanol should be evaluated against the exact analytical technique. ACS reagent isopropanol carries an assay specification of not less than 99.5% and includes additional control tests for colour, residue after evaporation, titratable acid or base, water, and UV absorbance; the present product’s certificate of analysis is designed around water-sensitive applications, and trace-metals testing may not be included for every lot. In UV/Vis spectrophotometry, the relevant performance boundary is absorbance across the 210–230 nm range. A substitute solvent must meet the instrument’s baseline noise threshold of ≤0.01 absorbance units at 260 nm in a 10 mm quartz cell; if the current lot does not report UV absorbance, verification against the existing on-site inventory is required before batch replacement. In NMR sample preparation, water at 0.1% produces a hydroxyl singlet that can overlap with exchangeable proton signals; a molecular-sieve-dried sample can reduce water below 50 ppm, but this is outside the product specification and must be confirmed by Karl Fischer titration per ASTM E203.
For polymer and coatings dilution, the anhydrous profile is used to control esterification and transesterification side reactions in resin systems. In alkyd and high-solids polyester formulations, water at 0.5% can hydrolyze the polyester backbone under forced-storage conditions of 40 °C and 65% relative humidity; the ≤0.1% specification lowers the water dose per 100 g resin solids to below 0.02 g when IPA is used at 20 wt% of total solvent. Published viscosity-reduction data for this exact product in commercial branched-polyester systems are limited; laboratory trials should compare the resin’s acid number and molecular weight distribution before and after 14-day storage using ISO 2555 rotational viscometry and gel-permeation chromatography. The use of anhydrous IPA with acid catalysts such as p-toluenesulfonic acid is controlled because IPA can undergo acid-catalyzed dehydration to propylene at elevated temperatures; this imposes a reboiler temperature limit in solvent recovery units, and the closed-cup flash point of 12 °C requires explosion-proof transfer pumps and conductive grounding.
Regulatory and safety properties impose explicit handling boundaries. The CLP classification is Flam. Liq. 2, H225; Eye Irrit. 2, H319; STOT SE 3, H336. The closed-cup flash point is 12 °C; vapour/air mixtures are flammable between 2.0% and 12.7% by volume, which covers typical room-temperature headspace. Storage at ambient temperature under nitrogen in a flammable-liquid cabinet is required by local fire codes. The material is registered under REACH as EC 200-661-7, and under ICH Q3C it is a Class 3 solvent with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day. No statement in this document supplies pharmacopoeial monographs for excipient use; if the material is to be used in parenteral or ophthalmic processing, the applicable Ph. Eur. Chapter 5.4 and USP residual solvent verification should be applied to the specific lot. Open-container exposure to 60% relative humidity air can raise water content by absorption; therefore open handling is performed in a dry climate or under nitrogen.
