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| HS Code | 144877 |
| Chemical Name | Isopropyl Alcohol |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Characteristic alcoholic, sharp, musty odor |
| Boiling Point | 82.5 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | -89.5 °C |
| Flash Point | 11.7 °C (closed cup) |
| Autoignition Temperature | 399 °C |
| Density | 0.786 g/cm3 at 20 °C |
| Vapor Density | 2.07 (air=1) |
| Vapor Pressure | 33 mmHg at 20 °C |
| Solubility In Water | Miscible |
| Refractive Index | 1.3772 at 20 °C |
As an accredited Zhejiang Xinhua Chemical Co Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Zhejiang Xinhua Chemical Co Ltd Isopropyl Alcohol is supplied in 160 kg HDPE drums, ensuring safe storage and transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20' FCL loading of Zhejiang Xinhua Isopropyl Alcohol: secure drums, proper ventilation, avoid ignition sources, ensure safe transport. |
| Shipping | Zhejiang Xinhua Chemical’s Isopropyl Alcohol ships as a flammable liquid (UN1219) in sealed drums, IBCs, or tank containers. Transport must comply with hazardous material regulations, with proper labels, ventilation, and grounding. Avoid heat, sparks, and oxidizers. Ensure secure upright loading, and use certified carriers for safe, compliant delivery. |
| Storage | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, open flames, and direct sunlight. Keep containers tightly closed and upright. Use grounded and bonded equipment to prevent static discharge. Separate from strong oxidizers, acids, and foodstuffs. Maintain temperature below 25°C (77°F) and ensure spill containment. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 3 years when stored tightly sealed in a cool, dry, ventilated area. |
In semiconductor package assembly and PCB fabrication, Zhejiang Xinhua Chemical Co Ltd electronic-grade isopropyl alcohol with assay 99.9% and water content ≤0.1% is applied as a post-reflow flux remover after water-based saponifier wash in a three-stage cleaning line: initial aqueous spray at 55°C and 2.5 bar nozzle pressure, followed by immersion in 40 kHz ultrasonic IPA at 60°C for 5 minutes, and final vapour rinse in an IPA-water azeotrope at 80.4°C inside a 316L stainless steel degreaser. Flux residues from no-clean solder paste containing rosin and dicarboxylic acid activators are dissolved within the 5-minute window, and ionic contamination is verified by resistivity of solvent extract per IPC-TM-650 Method 2.3.25, with acceptance below 1.56 µg/cm² NaCl equivalent. Pumps and seals in contact with heated IPA are specified in PTFE or PVDF rather than polycarbonate, because IPA-induced crazing of polycarbonate pump housings has been observed on production lines after fewer than 300 hours of continuous exposure. Condensed IPA is recycled through a 0.5 µm cartridge filter and monitored for acid number; when acid number exceeds 0.02 mg KOH/g, the bath is drained and replaced to prevent solder mask lift on high-density interconnect boards. Terminal assemblies cleaned by this route include automotive ECU substrates, 5G RF modules, and flip-chip BGA packages where residual chloride above 0.2 µg/cm² correlates with electrochemical migration under 85°C/85% RH biased humidity testing.
| Parameter | Electronics cleaning requirement | Pharmaceutical granulation requirement | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assay | 99.9% min | 99.8% min | GC-FID |
| Water | ≤0.1% | ≤0.2% | ASTM E203 |
| Non-volatile residue | ≤5 ppm | ≤10 ppm | ASTM D1353 |
| Chloride | ≤0.5 ppm | ≤1.0 ppm | Ion chromatography after aqueous extraction |
| Peroxide | ≤0.002% | ≤0.005% | Iodometric titration |
IPA is introduced as the binder solvent for povidone K30 in wet granulation at 10–30 wt% of dry powder charge, using a 600 L high-shear granulator with impeller tip speed 5–10 m/s and chopper speed 1500–3000 rpm. The binder solution is sprayed at 2–4 kg/min onto a lactose-microcrystalline cellulose blend to reach granule moisture endpoint 12–18%. Wet mass is discharged through a 6.3 mm mesh and dried in a fluid-bed dryer at inlet air 60°C and product temperature 35–40°C until loss on drying reaches 1.5–2.5%. Because IPA is a Class 3 residual solvent under ICH Q3C, the permitted daily exposure is 50 mg/day, corresponding to 5000 ppm in the finished tablet unless otherwise justified; headspace gas chromatography per USP <467> must show equivalent residual below this threshold. Processing limits include avoiding combinations with methacrylic acid copolymer enteric coating systems containing residual acid groups; IPA above 5% of the coating solvent can promote phase separation and surface cratering during pan coating, so IPA-acetone 50:50 blends are used for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film coats. The terminal dosage forms produced by this solvent route include immediate-release paracetamol film-coated tablets and effervescent granule intermediates packed into aluminium laminate sachets.
In solvent-based flexographic printing for flexible food packaging, 99.9% IPA is used as let-down solvent for nitrocellulose-polyurethane ink systems at addition rates of 5–15 wt% to reduce viscosity to 25–35 s Zahn #2 at 25°C, measured per ASTM D4212. The press is an 8-colour central impression unit with 360 mm repeat and enclosed doctor blade chambers operating at web speed 150–250 m/min; drying air at 60–80°C removes IPA within 0.3–0.5 seconds between colour stations. The low surface tension of IPA, 21.7 mN/m at 20°C, permits wet-out on corona-treated low-density polyethylene film having surface energy 38–42 dyn/cm, reducing pinholing in half-tone areas. Residual IPA in printed laminate is quantified by GC-FID headspace per EN 13628 and must remain below 10 mg/kg food as a migration limit under EU 1935/2004 and the Swiss Ordinance RS 817.023.21 for packaging inks. Production bottlenecks occur when ambient relative humidity exceeds 70%; hygroscopic IPA-water uptake raises dew point in the dryer and retards ink cure, so gravure ink formulation is adjusted by replacing 5% of IPA with n-propyl acetate to maintain drying load. Terminal printed structures include snack food wrappers, stand-up pouches, and pharmaceutical leaflet lidding film.
Catalytic dehydrogenation of 99.8% IPA over a copper-on-silica catalyst in a multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor proceeds at 300–350°C, 1–3 bar, and liquid hourly space velocity 0.5–2.0 h⁻¹; the endothermic reaction absorbs 66.5 kJ/mol and yields acetone with per-pass conversion 85–95% and acetone selectivity above 95%. The reactor is equipped with molten salt coolant to maintain an axial temperature spread below ±5°C, because hot spots above 370°C promote propylene formation by dehydration and increase diisopropyl ether content in the crude condensate. IPA feed sulfur is specified below 1 ppm and water below 0.1% to prevent accelerated copper sintering and observed catalyst deactivation; catalyst replacement intervals on production-scale units are typically 6–12 months when feed purity is maintained. The acetone product is purified through a two-column distillation train to ≥99.5% acetone, with the unreacted IPA stream recycled to the reactor inlet at a recycle-to-fresh feed ratio of 0.3–0.5:1. Downstream acetone from this route is consumed in methyl methacrylate monomer synthesis, bisphenol A production, and pharmaceutical solvent purification.
In alcohol-based hand rub manufacture, 75% v/v isopropyl alcohol with water content ≤0.2% is combined with 0.5% Carbomer 940, 1.45% glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide under vacuum in a 500 L emulsifier with anchor speed 25 rpm and homogenizer speed 1500 rpm for 20 minutes. The pH is adjusted with triethanolamine to 5.5–6.5, where the carbomer yields a viscosity of 15,000–30,000 mPa·s at 25°C using a Brookfield RV spindle 6 at 20 rpm. Batch temperature is held below 30°C because IPA flash point is 11.7°C closed cup and vapour accumulation in the mixing vessel exceeds 25% LEL when jacket heating is applied above 35°C. Microbicidal performance is validated according to EN 1040 for basic bactericidal activity and EN 1500 for hygienic hand rub equivalence; a formulation of 75% IPA meets the EN 1500 pass criterion when the mean log reduction against Escherichia coli K12 is not significantly lower than that of the reference isopropanol. Incompatibilities include cationic quaternary ammonium preservatives, which can precipitate carbomer and reduce viscosity below 8,000 mPa·s within 24 hours. Terminal products packaged in 50 mL to 500 mL HDPE bottles with flame arrestors are placed in hospital wards, food processing entrances, and pharmaceutical cleanroom transfer zones.
Anhydrous IPA is used at 0.6–0.7 volumes per aqueous nucleic acid sample after addition of 0.3 M sodium acetate pH 5.2; the mixture is held at -20°C for 30 minutes and centrifuged at 12,000×g for 15 minutes at 4°C in a fixed-angle microcentrifuge to pellet plasmid DNA. The pellet is washed with 70% IPA in water to remove residual acetate salts, then air-dried for 5–10 minutes under laminar flow to avoid over-drying, which reduces solubility of high-molecular-weight DNA. For RNA precipitation from transcription reactions, the IPA volume is raised to 1.0 volume per aqueous sample and the hold time is shortened to 10 minutes to limit co-precipitation of nucleotides. Reagent-grade IPA for molecular biology is specified with water ≤0.1%, peroxide ≤0.002%, and carbonyl compounds ≤50 ppm, and is filled in ISO 13485 cleanrooms into 100 mL LDPE bottles. Terminal products include silica-membrane plasmid miniprep kits and anion-exchange midiprep kits used in bacterial expression vector preparation.
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Zhejiang Xinhua Chemical Co., Ltd. supplies isopropyl alcohol as a bulk-distilled secondary alcohol derived from propylene hydration or acetone hydrogenation process streams. The material is offered as a clear, water-white liquid with CAS 67-63-0, molecular weight 60.10 g/mol, flash point 11.7 °C by closed cup, and atmospheric boiling range 82.2–82.6 °C at 101.3 kPa. The product line is separated by water mass fraction, acidity, peroxide content, and non-volatile residue, not by proprietary model numbers. Two main fractions are supplied: a technical-grade bulk solvent and a low-water fraction for moisture-sensitive cleaning, extraction, and reaction chemistry. In distributor documentation, the low-water fraction is routinely specified as ≤ 0.05 wt% water by ASTM E203-23 Karl Fischer titration and ≤ 0.001 g/100 mL evaporation residue by ASTM D1353-13. Technical-grade material is controlled at ≤ 0.2 wt% water and ≤ 0.003 g/100 mL residue. These are representative contractual ceilings and should be confirmed against each lot certificate. Export documentation typically lists the product under CAS 67-63-0 and GB/T 7814-2017 rather than under a proprietary model number, which reduces ambiguity in customs and regulatory review.
At ambient pressure, wet isopropanol cannot be distilled below the binary azeotrope at 87.7 wt% isopropanol and 12.3 wt% water because vapor composition equals liquid composition. Producing the low-water fraction therefore requires a dehydration step such as extractive distillation with an entrainer, pressure-swing molecular-sieve adsorption, or salt dehydration. Generic technical isopropanol from plants that operate only conventional distillation columns frequently contains water above 0.3 wt%, which is readily detected by density shift from 0.785 g/cm³ at 20 °C and by Karl Fischer titration. The low-water fraction is packaged in nitrogen-blanketed stainless steel or high-density polyethylene containers to prevent re-absorption of moisture during storage and transport.
The comparative value of the low-water fraction is not primarily higher gas chromatographic assay. Two lots reporting 99.8% by gas chromatography can differ in water by 0.2 wt%, in acidity by 0.001 wt%, and in chloride by 0.1 mg/L. Those differences control performance in semiconductor drying, moisture-sensitive organometallic reactions, and residue-validated pharmaceutical processes. Users comparing products should request peroxide number, specific conductivity, and non-volatile residue rather than relying on a single chromatographic area-percent value. The domestic producer often certifies against GB/T 7814-2017; ASTM and USP test data are provided where the purchased grade is subject to those specifications.
| Parameter | Test designation | Technical grade | Low-water grade |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol assay | GC-FID, area% | ≥ 99.5 | ≥ 99.8 |
| Water | ASTM E203-23 | ≤ 0.200 wt% | ≤ 0.050 wt% |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ASTM D1613-17 | ≤ 0.002 wt% | ≤ 0.001 wt% |
| Evaporation residue | ASTM D1353-13 | ≤ 0.003 g/100 mL | ≤ 0.001 g/100 mL |
| Color | ASTM D1209-05 | ≤ 10 Pt-Co | ≤ 5 Pt-Co |
| Density at 20 °C | ASTM D4052-18 | 0.785–0.786 g/cm³ | 0.785–0.786 g/cm³ |
Electrical contact cleaning and vapor degreasing installations with two-sump chambers of 200–400 L capacity expose isopropanol to copper, brass, FR-4 board surfaces, and atmospheric humidity. In these systems, water accumulation in the rinse sump changes the vapor temperature and leaves ionic residues after blow-off. Maintaining the rinse sump below 0.1 wt% water supports post-dry surface ion contamination control measured by IPC-TM-650 2.3.25 resistivity of solvent extract on stainless steel test coupons. The low-water fraction is charged directly into sealed transfer vessels; open drum pumping in high-humidity areas is replaced with dry-disconnect couplers and 0.2 µm particulate filters. Isopropanol does not aggressively attack copper and nickel at ambient temperature under common vapor exposure times of 3–5 min, but chlorinated co-solvent residues and acidic flux activators should be removed before immersion to avoid local cell formation. For ionic flux removal, a mixture of 75 wt% low-water isopropanol and 25 wt% deionized water is more effective than anhydrous isopropanol alone; the water-free product is retained for final rinse.
During hot reflux and solvent recovery, isopropanol exhibits three simultaneous degradation risks: autoxidation to acetone and hydrogen peroxide, acid-catalyzed dehydration to propene, and etherification to diisopropyl ether. Fresh low-water material is typically low in peroxide, but storage in partially filled translucent containers with air exposure can generate measurable peroxide over extended periods. A peroxide number rising from 5 mg/kg toward 10 mg/kg as active oxygen indicates incipient oxidation and should trigger re-testing for acetone by gas chromatography. Recovered isopropanol from heated reboilers should not be returned to electronic-grade service without water analysis, acidity titration, and residue testing. In solvent recovery skids, 316L stainless steel is preferred for wetted surfaces; aluminum wetted parts are avoided in hot reflux service because acid- or alkali-catalyzed reaction of isopropanol with aluminum can produce aluminum isopropoxide and hydrogen. Mild steel is usually acceptable for short-term technical-grade bulk storage but is not used for low-metal electronic-grade distribution. Heat-transfer surfaces in steam-heated reboilers should be cleaned at intervals determined by measured peroxide number, because peroxide accumulation in downstream distillation sludge can create localized decomposition events.
Pharmaceutical and botanical extraction applications select the low-water fraction when residual solvent removal must be validated. Under ICH Q3C, isopropanol is placed in Class 3 with a permitted daily exposure of 50 mg/day. Although this is a broad limit, the non-volatile residue ceiling of 0.001 g/100 mL becomes critical in spray-dried or lyophilized products because non-volatile impurities remain quantitatively in the dry matrix. Pilot-scale spray drying on a GEA Mobile Minor or similar unit with 65–75 °C outlet temperature evaporates isopropanol efficiently, but residual water in the feed affects the glass transition temperature of amorphous dispersions. The low-water grade reduces variability in outlet moisture and final residual solvent. For botanical extraction, isopropanol extracts chlorophyll and polar resins more aggressively than n-heptane; a winterization hold at -20 °C followed by filtration is typical before solvent recovery.
Disinfectant intermediate is another large application but is not the primary purpose of the low-water grade. Isopropanol at 70 wt% aqueous concentration is widely used in biocidal formulations; the technical grade is typically blended with deionized water at point of use. Producers of formulated disinfectants often require USP-NF monograph testing, including specific gravity, acidity, and non-volatile residue. In such cases, the batch certificate should show compliance with the USP Isopropyl Alcohol monograph rather than only GB/T 7814-2017. The supplier can provide additional trace impurities data for benzene, methanol, and acetone where formaldehyde-sensitive or peroxide-sensitive formulations are produced.
Printed circuit board fabricators and precision optics shops require final rinses that evaporate without leaving sodium, potassium, chloride, or sulfate species. Isopropanol’s vapor pressure at ambient temperature—4.4 kPa at 20 °C—enables rapid flash drying, but rapid evaporation can also concentrate non-volatile impurities in the last liquid film. The low-water grade is controlled for evaporation residue and acidity precisely because those impurities concentrate at the dry-down edge. In cleanroom operations, the product is dispensed through 0.1–0.2 µm polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters and transferred through stainless steel or fluoropolymer lines to avoid plasticizer contamination. The final rinse protocol often specifies two steps: a wet isopropanol/18.2 MΩ·cm deionized water blend to dissolve ionic residues, followed by undiluted low-water isopropanol at ≤ 0.05 wt% water. Extract cleanliness is then verified by ion chromatography with anion detection limits below 0.05 mg/L or by resistivity of solvent extract per IPC-TM-650 2.3.25.
| Standard or regulation | Subject | Application context |
|---|---|---|
| GB/T 7814-2017 | Industrial isopropanol specification | Manufacturing release and import/export declaration |
| ISO 760:1978 / ASTM E203-23 | Karl Fischer water determination | Bulk tanks, drums, and point-of-use verification |
| ASTM D4052-18 | Density of liquids | Rapid confirmation of identity and water adulteration |
| ASTM D1613-17 | Acidity in volatile solvents | Low-water grade and recovered solvent |
| ASTM D1353-13 | Non-volatile matter | Electronic and pharmaceutical grades |
| ICH Q3C | Class 3 residual solvent | Pharmaceutical processing residual limit 50 mg/day |
| IPC-TM-650 2.3.25 | Resistivity of solvent extract | Post-cleaning ionic cleanliness of printed assemblies |
Flexographic and gravure ink letdown is the highest-volume solvent application. Isopropanol replaces ethanol in laminating ink diluents where slower evaporation reduces cylinder drying in the deck and where ethanol tax considerations are unfavorable. At press speeds of 250–350 m/min on central-impression flexo presses, technical-grade isopropanol is generally adequate for nitrocellulose and polyamide inks because the ink system already contains ester co-solvents and resins. The low-water fraction is selected when water-induced haze appears after lamination to biaxially oriented polypropylene or when the diluent is blended into water-based primers applied to corona-treated film. In these applications, retained water interferes with adhesive bond clarity and surface wetting; the low-water ceiling of 0.05 wt% provides a consistent evaporation profile. Solvent tanks at press side are grounded because the low flash point of 11.7 °C and low electrical conductivity can generate static discharge during high-speed pumping. Metering pumps with dry-run protection and 0.2 µm filter elements are recommended for low-NVR use.
