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| HS Code | 562081 |
| Chemical Name | Isopropyl alcohol |
| Chemical Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Odor | Strong, sharp, alcohol-like |
| Solubility | Miscible in water, acetone, and most organic solvents |
| Water Content | <0.1% |
As an accredited Bulk Isopropyl Alcohol 99% Industrial Grade factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Packaged in a 55-gallon sealed drum, bulk 99% isopropyl alcohol industrial grade ensures safe handling, storage, and dispensing. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: Bulk Isopropyl Alcohol 99% in IBCs/drums. Class 3 flammable liquid, UN1219. Secure, vented, grounded loading with proper segregation. |
| Shipping | Ship as UN1219 Isopropanol (Isopropyl alcohol), Class 3 Flammable Liquid, Packing Group II. Use approved drums, IBCs, or tankers with flammable labels and placards. Segregate from oxidizers, ground containers to prevent static discharge, and include accurate shipping documentation and emergency response information. |
| Storage | Store bulk isopropyl alcohol 99% in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly sealed and properly grounded to prevent static discharge. Use approved flammable-liquid storage cabinets or secondary containment. Separate from oxidizers and incompatible materials. Follow local fire and safety regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 3 years when stored sealed, cool, and away from ignition sources. |
Flux removal on populated PCB assemblies after SAC305 reflow or selective wave soldering is a high-volume cleaning operation where bulk 99% industrial-grade isopropyl alcohol is specified for dissolution of rosin, OSP, or no-clean flux residues. In batch immersion tanks with 40 kHz ultrasonic excitation, the working bath is maintained at 25 °C to 35 °C and the alcohol is charged at 90–100 vol% with the balance deionized water to control evaporative cooling while avoiding excessive water entrapment under low-standoff SMT components. Boards are processed for 180–300 seconds, rinsed with fresh 99% IPA at 2–3 bar through a stainless steel spray lance, and dried with 0.2 µm-filtered compressed air. Cleanliness verification follows IPC-TM-650 method 2.3.25, with a pass criterion of ≤1.56 µg NaCl eq cm−2 for Class 3 hardware under J-STD-001H. The terminal articles are automotive electronic control units, safety-critical sensor modules, and RF assemblies. Because industrial-grade alcohol contains trace non-volatile residues and water as determined by ASTM D770-20, process engineering must qualify each bulk lot against the conformal coating interface; acrylic coating lift-off has been observed when the alcohol bath exceeds 5.0 vol% water and the board carries uncured solder mask particulates. Explosion-proof ventilation is required because the closed-cup flash point by ASTM D93-20 is 12 °C and the vapor density exceeds air.
| Application zone | Standard or method | Control limit | Finished article |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCBA defluxing | IPC-TM-650 2.3.25 | ≤1.56 µg NaCl eq cm−2 | Class 3 ECU modules |
| Solvent wipe before bonding | ASTM D3933-20, SSPC-SP1-15 | ≥15 min flash-off at 20–25 °C | Aerospace repair patches |
| Ink viscosity adjustment | DIN EN ISO 2431:2019 | 18–25 s flow cup 4 mm at 25 °C | Flexo packaging films |
In solvent-borne flexographic and gravure packaging inks, 99% industrial IPA is used as a co-solvent in letdown blends, but its nitrocellulose solubility is lower than that of ester or ketone solvents. Pressroom additions of 4–8 wt% relative to finished ink mass reduce flow time from 25 s to 18 s as measured by DIN EN ISO 2431:2019 with a 4 mm flow cup at 25 °C; the alcohol is introduced into a pre-mix containing ethyl acetate, n-propanol, and 2-methoxy-1-methylethyl acetate. When the IPA fraction exceeds 12–15 wt% of the solvent blend, resin precipitation may occur as a visible cloud point, particularly with high-nitrogen nitrocellulose grades and low-acrylic binder content; published data for specific resin grades in this configuration is limited, so batch scale-down testing is required. The working press viscosity is maintained between 18 s and 25 s; automatic viscometers on gravure units add solvent blend incrementally at 0.5–1.0 vol% per minute to avoid solvent shock. The compliant use in EU food-contact packaging relies on REACH registration for isopropanol and on EuPIA/RuPIA guidance that final printed articles meet the Swiss Ordinance 817.023.41 and EU Framework Regulation 1935/2004/EC migration limits; the industrial grade itself is not a food-contact product but is handled as a raw material under GMP for printing inks. The terminal finished articles are polyethylene and polypropylene flexible packaging, lamination films, and pressure-sensitive labels. Closed-loop ventilation, nitrogen-blanketed ink reservoirs, and ATEX-rated metering equipment are required because the lower flammability limit of IPA is 2.0 vol% in air and the flash point is 12 °C. Ink film water-wash resistance and bond strength are either improved or degraded depending on resin selection; the alcohol must never be added directly to a cold press fountain because high relative humidity condenses into the solvent and causes plate swelling.
Bulk 99% industrial IPA is reduced to chemical intermediates in continuous and batch reaction systems. For isopropyl acetate via acetic acid esterification, the equilibrium is shifted by feeding acetic acid and alcohol in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.05–1.2 over a strong-acid ion-exchange resin, typically Amberlyst 15 or Amberlyst 70, in a fixed-bed reactor at 80–100 °C and 0.1–0.3 MPa. The water content in the alcohol feed is controlled to ≤0.3 wt% by ASTM D770-20 to avoid resin swelling and reverse hydrolysis; distillation overheads are fed through a decanter under reflux to remove generated water. The reactor effluent is then distilled to 99.0+ wt% isopropyl acetate; the final product serves as a fast-evaporation solvent in automotive refinish coatings and as a process solvent for pesticide intermediates. A parallel route to isopropylamine combines 99% IPA with ammonia and hydrogen over a nickel or copper chromite catalyst at 180–220 °C and 1–3 MPa in a fixed-bed adiabatic reactor; the water level in the feed stock and ammonia is kept low because hydrolysis of methylamine homologues reduces amine selectivity. The terminal end uses of isopropylamine include glyphosate intermediates and rubber vulcanization accelerators. This raw material is regulated under REACH EC No. 200-661-7 and TSCA, with CAS 67-63-0; downstream users must manage process emissions under local VOC regulations. The primary incompatibility is with strong oxidizers and concentrated hydrochloric acid if no cooling capacity is available because the reaction exotherm can exceed 100 °C in local pockets.
| Parameter | Isopropyl acetate route | Isopropylamine route |
|---|---|---|
| Feed alcohol water limit | ≤0.3 wt% | ≤0.3 wt% |
| Molar ratio acetic acid:IPA or NH3:IPA | 1.0:1.05–1.2 | 1.05–1.3:1 |
| Catalyst | Sulfonic acid resin | Nickel or copper chromite |
| Reactor temperature | 80–100 °C | 180–220 °C |
| Pressure | 0.1–0.3 MPa | 1–3 MPa |
Surface preparation for structural adhesive bonding and coatings in maintenance operations consumes 99% isopropyl alcohol as a final wipe solvent. Aluminum skin repair bays and composite patch workshops apply the alcohol in a two-wipe method: a polyester or microfilament wipe is saturated to approximately 40 mL/m², wiped in one direction, followed immediately by a dry wipe before the alcohol evaporates; ASTM D3933-20 and SSPC-SP1-15 define the solvent-cleaning sequence and surface dirt removal requirements. The substrate is then abraded and reprocessed if a water-break test indicates non-uniform wetting. The industrial grade is used rather than 70% IPA because the 99% concentration leaves no visible water film at 20–25 °C and flash-off is complete within 15 minutes at 50–60% RH. The final bonded articles are aircraft exterior fairings, composite doublers, and metal-to-metal structural repairs. Industrial-grade alcohol is not a direct replacement for OEM-qualified solvent products unless the airframe maintenance manual explicitly permits it, because trace aldehydes and non-volatile residue may interfere with anaerobic adhesives and epoxy primer adhesion.
Matrix acidizing and stimulation treatments use 99% industrial IPA in hydrochloric acid-based systems for carbonate or sandstone formations. At 10 vol% of the treatment fluid, the alcohol partitions between the aqueous acid and the hydrocarbon phase, reduces interfacial tension, and prevents emulsion blocking after spent acid is produced back. The treatment fluid is prepared by adding IPA to inhibited 15% HCl on location with continuous paddle mixing; addition order is acid into water then alcohol, not alcohol into concentrated acid, to avoid localized temperature rise. The final mixed fluid is pumped at 0.5–2.0 m³/min through coiled tubing or bullheaded into the near-wellbore region. Candidate evaluation follows API RP 42 for surface-active agent behavior and core flow testing for regained permeability. A critical operational boundary is that IPA raises the vapor pressure of the mixed acid; bulk storage tanks must be vented and blanketed, and iron sulfide scale dissolver compatibility must be tested because IPA can desorb corrosion inhibitor films from the tubular wall. The terminal effect is improved well productivity following acid stimulation, not a refined product; the alcohol returns with flowback fluids and must be managed under the operator's spill and emissions plan. Published data for specific reservoir lithology in this configuration is limited; field-scale regain permeability must be confirmed by core test before the main job.
Converters produce sterile and non-sterile pre-saturated wipes for ISO 14644-1 Class 5–8 cleanrooms by blending 99% industrial IPA with deionized water to a final concentration of 70.0 ± 0.5 vol% and saturating nonwoven polyester or polycellulose substrate. The dilution step is carried out in stainless steel vessels with 0.2 µm particulate filtration; water is added to alcohol, and the solution is allowed to cool to 20 °C before filling to prevent headspace condensation. The final product is used for surface disinfection and residue removal on glove boxes, laminar flow hoods, and pharmaceutical packaging areas; when marketed as a disinfectant, registration under the applicable regulatory framework is required, while the 40 CFR 180.940 tolerance exemption applies to the alcohol as an inert ingredient in certain antimicrobial formulations. Lot release tests include refractive index and density against ASTM D4052-20, plus non-volatile residue and pH. The industrial grade can be used for cleanroom wipe production only when the non-volatile residue content is below the converter's specification because silicone or aldehyde residues from bulk storage can contaminate optical surfaces. The terminal article is a ready-to-use wipes canister or sachet, not the bulk alcohol itself.
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Bulk isopropyl alcohol 99% industrial grade is identified by chemical and transport identifiers rather than by a universal model number. CAS 67-63-0, EINECS 200-661-7, and UN 1219 are the substance, inventory, and dangerous-goods identifiers; producer-specific codes—commonly variations of IPA99-IND or IPA99-BULK—serve as internal model references but are not harmonized across suppliers. The material is a clear, water-white, mobile secondary alcohol with chemical formula C₃H₈O, molar mass 60.10 g/mol, density 0.785–0.787 g/cm³ at 20 °C, freezing point −89.5 °C, boiling point 82.5 °C at 101.325 kPa, closed-cup flash point 12 °C, vapor pressure approximately 4.4 kPa at 20 °C, and autoignition temperature near 399 °C. It is supplied in 20,000 L isotainers, 25,000 L tank trucks, 1,000 L intermediate bulk containers, and 200 L drums. The principal industrial uses are as a solvent for coatings and printing inks, a cleaning and degreasing agent for metal and glass substrates, and a chemical intermediate for isopropyl acetate, isopropylamine, and related esters or amines. Because the product is an industrial chemical rather than a compendial grade, it is not suitable for USP/NF, food-contact, or drug-manufacturing applications unless the buyer demonstrates through purification and regulatory review that the material meets the relevant pharmacopeial or FDA requirements.
| Parameter | Method | Typical acceptance range |
|---|---|---|
| Assay as isopropanol | GC-FID, supplier method | ≥99.0 wt% |
| Water | ASTM E203 | ≤0.30 wt%; tighter limits by agreement |
| Density at 20 °C | ASTM D4052 | 0.785–0.787 g/cm³ |
| Distillation range | ASTM D1078 | 81.5–83.5 °C |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ASTM D1613 | ≤0.002 wt% |
| Non-volatile residue | ASTM D1353 | ≤0.005 g/100 mL |
For moisture-sensitive operations, the water limit is often tightened to ≤0.10 wt% for two-component polyurethane coating systems, ≤0.05 wt% for lithium-ion battery electrode coating solvents, and ≤0.02 wt% for open-frame precision cleaning in explosion-protected equipment. These are commercial supply-chain specifications rather than universal ASTM grade requirements; ASTM D770 remains the reference specification for isopropanol classification, while individual producer datasheets may impose tighter limits for trace aldehydes, ketones, or non-volatile matter.
The controlling variable is free water, followed by trace organic control. A 70% aqueous isopropanol product contains approximately 30 wt% water; its density rises to 0.870–0.875 g/cm³ and its closed-cup flash point commonly falls in the 17–21 °C range. That water is not an impurity but a deliberate diluent: isopropanol at 60–70 wt% provides sufficient wet contact time on hard, pre-cleaned surfaces for antimicrobial activity, whereas 99.0% material evaporates too rapidly for routine 10-minute surface disinfection claims. In moisture-sensitive industrial systems, the same water becomes a processing defect. For example, free water above approximately 300–500 ppm can consume isocyanate groups in a two-component polyurethane clearcoat, generating carbon dioxide and surface pinholing or gloss reduction. A 91% retail product may be denatured, may contain variable water, and is not supplied with the lot-specific GC, Karl Fischer, acidity, and non-volatile residue documentation required for process control. The 99.0% industrial grade is therefore not a more potent sanitizer; it is a lower-water solvent and intermediate with controlled lot-release data.
Simple distillation cannot economically produce 99.0% isopropanol because the binary water-isopropanol azeotrope at atmospheric pressure is approximately 87.7 wt% isopropanol with a boiling point near 80.4 °C. The 99.0% grade therefore requires post-azeotropic dehydration—common commercial routes include extractive distillation, membrane dehydration, or molecular-sieve adsorption. This separation requirement is one reason the 99.0% industrial grade carries a different specification and cost structure than 70% or 91% blends.
The flammability envelope is the primary engineering constraint. Measured flammability limits in air are approximately 2.0 vol% lower and 12.7 vol% upper at 25 °C. A closed-cup flash point of 12 °C places the product in European CLP Flammable Liquid Category 2 and U.S. hazardous classification for Class I flammable liquids, requiring bonded and grounded unloading from tank trucks or isotainers. Nitrogen inerting with 3–5 kPa headspace overpressure is standard for vessels feeding moisture-critical reactors; the same nitrogen reduces headspace vapor concentration below the lower flammability limit. Transfer equipment is typically a sealless magnetic-drive centrifugal pump or a canned-motor pump with silicon carbide or carbon bearings, sized for the line pressure drop of the receiving vessel and filter skid. A 1–3 µm cartridge filter in polypropylene or PTFE housings removes incidental particulate; stainless-steel housings in 304 or 316 are preferred for product cleanliness.
Isopropanol is hygroscopic. Open drums or unbelted tanks in ambient air above 50% relative humidity can absorb atmospheric water over hours to days, depending on exposed surface area and headspace air exchange. For water-critical operations, the tank or tote should be blanketed with dry nitrogen and transferred through pressure-rated composite hoses with low water permeability. Seals and gaskets should be PTFE, polypropylene, or high-density polyethylene; natural rubber, neoprene, and some nitrile compounds are swelled by isopropanol and may release extractives into the bulk liquid. Carbon steel storage is used commercially for short dwell times, but stainless steel or an approved phenolic-lined tank is preferred when the solvent will be held for more than 30 days or when low iron pickup is required for electronic-grade applications.
Incompatible materials include strong oxidizers such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and perchloric acid; contact with these can cause rapid exotherm or fire under confined conditions. Fire suppression should use alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foam or carbon dioxide for small volumes. Water spray is for cooling only and may dilute a contained spill to below the flammability limit if sufficient containment volume is available.
Recovered bulk isopropanol from semiconductor fab cleaning or industrial degreasing can meet a 99.0 wt% GC assay while still being unsuitable for more demanding uses because “purity” by GC does not detect all performance-limiting ions, high-boiling plasticizers, flux acids, or stabilizer fragments. The specification for recovered material should therefore add limits for chloride, sulfate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, tin, lead, and copper by ion chromatography or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Without such limits, residues can remain on optical surfaces or contribute to electrochemical migration in electronics. For virgin material, these ionic impurities are normally controlled by the distillation train and are rarely reported on a standard bulk solvent certificate of analysis; buyers requiring ion cleanliness should request an additional ion chromatography lot-release panel and specify the detection limit, for example ≤1 mg/kg total chloride and ≤0.1 mg/kg total transition metals. Published data for specific recovered-virgin performance comparisons are limited because contamination profiles vary with the upstream stripping bath.
Formulators comparing isopropanol with other low-boiling oxygenated solvents can use Hansen solubility parameters as a first screen. Isopropanol has δD 15.8, δP 6.1, and δH 16.4 MPa1/2. Ethanol is more polar with δP 8.8 and δH 19.4 MPa1/2; acetone is lower in hydrogen-bonding with δH 7.0 MPa1/2. This places isopropanol between ethanol and acetone for many solvency tasks: it dissolves a useful range of acrylic and nitrocellulose resins, cleans both polar and light organic soils, and reduces coating viscosity without the tax-control or food-excise complications of ethanol in many jurisdictions.
In high-solids acrylic or alkyd coatings, the effect of isopropanol addition on spray viscosity can be characterized by ASTM D2196 rotational viscometry and the effect on flammability by ASTM D56 closed-cup flash point. Addition of 5–15 wt% isopropanol typically lowers apparent viscosity and shortens open time; above 15 wt%, the formulation may approach the 12 °C closed-cup flash point of the solvent and require explosion-proof spraying and curing enclosures. This is a process-safety threshold, not a film-property threshold.
In precision cleaning, 99.0% isopropanol is most often applied in closed or explosion-protected batch immersion tanks at 35–45 °C with 40 kHz ultrasonic agitation for no-clean flux residues. It is not a direct replacement for nonflammable vapor degreasers such as n-propyl bromide or trichloroethylene in open-top equipment unless the entire line is retrofitted with inerting, vapor monitoring, and explosion suppression. The operational boundary is therefore explicit: it is a fast-drying, low-water cleaning solvent, not a high-boiling nonflammable degreasing solvent.
For chemical intermediate use, the low water limit matters because many downstream reactions are equilibrium-limited or catalyst-sensitive. In esterification to isopropyl acetate, free water above approximately 0.1 wt% can suppress conversion and increase acidic catalyst recovery duty. In amination to isopropylamine, water and trace acidity shift selectivity and can accelerate catalyst deactivation. In dehydration to diisopropyl ether, water in the feed competes with the intended reaction and reduces single-pass conversion. These process effects are best evaluated in a pilot reactor on each specific lot because industrial-grade bulk IPA is manufactured to solvent-grade purity, not to a guaranteed reaction-grade impurity profile.
