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| HS Code | 375281 |
| Chemical Name | Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) |
| Molecular Formula | C3H8O |
| Cas Number | 67-63-0 |
| Molecular Weight | 60.10 g/mol |
| Concentration | 75% (v/v) in water |
| Grade | Reagent Grade |
| Appearance | Clear, colorless liquid |
| Odor | Characteristic alcohol odor |
| Boiling Point | 82.5°C (approximate) |
| Flash Point | 11.7°C (closed cup) |
| Density | 0.875 g/mL at 20°C |
| Solubility | Miscible with water and most organic solvents |
| Refractive Index | 1.377 at 20°C |
As an accredited Isopropyl Alcohol, 75%, Reagent Grade factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Packaged in a 500 mL amber glass bottle with tamper-evident seal and hazard label; reagent-grade isopropyl alcohol for safe lab use. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Load 20′ FCL with palletized drums/IBCs of Isopropyl Alcohol 75%; secure, segregate, label as flammable, and ventilate. |
| Shipping | Ship Isopropyl Alcohol, 75%, as UN1219, Class 3 Flammable Liquid, PG II. Use approved containers with proper labeling and documentation. Transport via ground only, away from oxidizers and ignition sources. Comply with all hazardous materials regulations, including segregation, spill response, and handling precautions. |
| Storage | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep the container tightly closed when not in use. Ensure compatibility with local regulations and segregate from strong oxidizers. Use approved grounding and bonding for dispensing. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 3 years from manufacture when stored tightly sealed, cool, and away from light. |
Within barrier isolators and Grade A/B transfer hatches, 75% v/v reagent-grade isopropanol functions as a rapid disinfectant and low-residue cleaning agent because the water fraction slows evaporation and prolongs contact time, allowing the alcohol to denature membrane proteins and disrupt lipid envelopes. The solution is typically prepared from 99.5–99.9% reagent-grade isopropanol and Type I water, then verified by density or refractive index at 20°C under an internal control chart. Before use in Grade A areas, the liquid is passed through a 0.22 µm PVDF sterilizing-grade capsule filter and applied with double-bagged gamma-irradiated nonwoven polyester wipes to limit particle shedding; spray application is restricted to zones where runoff can be contained because the liquid remains flammable. Contact time on stainless-steel trolleys, filling equipment, and pass-through interlock doors is held between 60 s and 120 s at 18–25°C. While 70–85% v/v isopropanol shows rapid bactericidal activity against vegetative bacteria in EN 1276 suspension tests, it is not sporicidal, so the 75% reagent must be rotated with a hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid sporocide under EU GMP Annex 1 disinfection regimes. Reagent-grade material is preferred over technical-grade solvent because it contains lower levels of nonvolatile residue, heavy metals, and aldehyde impurities; many critical-surface programs set an internal limit for post-evaporation NVR at ≤10 ppm w/w by ASTM D1353 and verify final rinse conductivity. Filter integrity for the sterile capsule is tested per ASTM F838 before batch use. The reagent is compatible with 316L stainless steel, electropolished surfaces, and most epoxy cleanroom panels, but repeated exposure to polycarbonate sight glasses can produce microcrazing, and contact with nitrile gloves can reduce puncture resistance over repetitive shifts. Isolator glove ports require established leak testing after each campaign. The 75% solution removes light polar soil but not heavy organic fouling; alkaline detergent precleaning remains mandatory before disinfection on filling lines.
In high-density printed circuit board assembly, 75% reagent-grade isopropanol is used in recirculating ultrasonic cleaners with 40 kHz transducers to remove type-4 and type-5 solder paste from laser-cut stainless-steel stencils, misprinted boards, and squeegee blades. The water fraction reduces vapor pressure compared with anhydrous IPA, but the bath remains a flammable liquid, so equipment is interlocked with vapor detection and local exhaust. Production tanks are typically maintained at 25–40°C for 5–10 min, followed by a deionized water spray rinse at 1.0–1.5 bar and forced-air drying at 50°C for 15–20 min. The mixture is effective on no-clean flux residues because the water solvates ionic activators while isopropanol swells rosin and other organic binders. Incomplete drying after batch cleaning has been observed to leave white carbonate residues under ball-grid-array packages after reflow, especially at relative humidity above 60%. Ionic cleanliness is verified with IPC TM-650 2.3.25; a common acceptance limit for bare boards is ≤1.56 µg NaCl equivalent/cm², while visual inspection follows IPC-A-610. Reagent-grade isopropanol is specified to avoid denaturants and high metal ion content, but electronic-grade IPA may still be required for high-reliability bare-board cleaning where ion chromatography limits for sodium, chloride, and sulfate are enforced below 1 ppm each. Process capability studies should monitor bath conductivity because dissolved flux ions reduce cleaning efficiency; published data for specific no-clean solder paste formulations at 75% IPA are limited, so each paste supplier’s cleaner compatibility data should be used to set bath-life limits. Solder mask swelling can occur if assembled boards are immersed beyond 10 min; therefore, the method is used mainly for stencil and tooling cleaning rather than for populated board immersion. The terminal product is a dry stencil or misprinted PCB that can proceed to rework or normal assembly without additional drying.
| Process step | Equipment | Set point | Verification method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasonic wash | 40 kHz tank | 25–40°C, 5–10 min | Visual per IPC-A-610 |
| Deionized rinse | Spray manifold | 1.0–1.5 bar, 30–60 s | Conductivity ≤10 µS/cm |
| Forced-air drying | Convection oven | 50°C, 15–20 min | Moisture absence under BGA |
Hydroalcoholic extraction of dried botanical substrate with 75% reagent-grade isopropanol is applied when the target fraction contains polar polyphenols, saponins, or glycosylated flavonoids while the isopropanol fraction copes with cuticular waxes and resinous low-polarity compounds. Jacketed pilot-scale vessels with top-driven agitators operate at 50–60°C for 3–6 h at solvent-to-plant ratios of 8:1 to 15:1 (v/w). The miscella is clarified through a 0.45 µm polypropylene depth filter and concentrated under vacuum at ≤45°C to limit hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds; above 60°C, certain glycosylated flavonoids lose sugar residues and reduce target yield. The water content swells plant fibers and improves diffusion of polar solutes, but it also increases co-extraction of free sugars and proteins, which must be removed by precipitation or partitioning if the terminal extract is intended for standardized nutraceutical use. Reagent-grade isopropanol is selected to avoid phthalate plasticizer carryover and heavy-metal contamination, though the final extract must still be controlled for residual isopropanol by headspace gas chromatography under USP 467 Class 3 solvent limits and for botanical identity under USP 561. Published data for the extraction kinetics of specific plant-species markers at 75% IPA are limited; pilot trials with HPLC marker quantification are required before scale-up. The terminal product is a liquid or vacuum-dried botanical extract used in personal-care or nutraceutical formulation, with stability dependent on water activity control after drying.
Closed automated tissue processors use 75% reagent-grade isopropanol as an intermediate station between 50% and 95% isopropanol to remove residual formalin from fixed tissue cassettes while maintaining a graded osmotic environment. The station is not a final dehydrant; extension beyond 45 min per station has been associated with retained water in fatty specimens, which later produces microtome chatter and paraffin ribbon splitting. Isopropanol causes less hardening of dense collagenous tissue than ethanol, which is useful for lymph node and breast specimens, but the laboratory must validate downstream hematoxylin and eosin staining because incomplete clearing of isopropanol before xylene can induce a slight cytoplasmic eosin shift. Automatic processors are typically configured with 0.8–1.2 L solvent exchange per cassette and vacuum infiltration at approximately 0.5 bar; published dehydration kinetics for 75% aqueous isopropanol across species and fixation times are limited, so each processor program should be qualified with representative tissue types. Reagent-grade material limits extraneous residues that could deposit in the paraffin block, but the solution is not a clearing agent and cannot replace xylene or limonene-based clearing stations. Poorly fixed tissue with formalin exposure below 6 h shows greater processing artifact at this station because residual formalin interacts with water and slows dehydration. The terminal product is a paraffin-embedded tissue block suitable for microtome sectioning at 3–5 µm; sections are floated on a water bath and mounted for staining, immunohistochemistry, or molecular assays. Batches processed with spent 75% IPA show higher retraction artifacts and poor ribbon formation, which indicates that solvent exchange schedules must be tied to cassette throughput rather than calendar time alone.
On cold-rolled steel and anodized aluminum bonding lines, 75% reagent-grade isopropanol is applied in a two-wipe sequence: a saturated nonwoven wipe passes over the substrate, followed immediately by a dry low-lint polyester wipe to remove the solvent film before evaporation. The water fraction reduces the ability of the solvent to absorb silicone release agents and heavy hydrocarbon greases compared with anhydrous isopropanol; visible silicone contamination requires a dedicated silicone remover before the IPA wipe. On cold-rolled steel, residual water from the 25% aqueous fraction can trigger flash rusting within 4 h at relative humidity above 60%, so production lines limit the maximum open time between surface preparation and adhesive application to 30 min. Surface cleanliness is verified by water break-free testing per ASTM F22 or dyne pens at 38–40 dyn/cm; adhesive performance is qualified by lap shear testing according to ASTM D1002 or ISO 4587. Reagent-grade isopropanol is selected because it avoids phosphate, nitrate, and chloride ions that may accelerate bondline corrosion; low nonvolatile residue also reduces interference with moisture-curing urethanes and epoxies. On anodized aluminum, the aqueous IPA film may temporarily increase surface energy and improve wetting, but moisture-sensitive adhesives require a flash-off time of at least 10–15 min or warm-air drying at ≤50°C before adhesive application. IPA wiping alone is not a substitute for grit blasting, conversion coating, or plasma treatment where those operations are specified by the adhesive manufacturer. The terminal product is a bonded metal assembly whose long-term environmental durability is governed by the qualification plan of the specific automotive or aerospace specification.
For trace-metal sample preparation, 75% reagent-grade isopropanol is used as an intermediate rinse for PFA digestion vessels to remove polar organic residues before acid leaching; it is not a final rinse because the 25% water fraction may deposit ambient ions upon drying. Final rinsing is performed with 18.2 MΩ·cm Type I water prepared according to ASTM D1193. Reagent-grade IPA with lot-specific ICP-MS trace-metal certification is accepted only when the certificate covers the elements of interest at the required detection limits. The terminal product is conditioned labware ready for ultratrace analysis.
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Isopropyl Alcohol, 75%, Reagent Grade is supplied as a clear, colorless, volatile aqueous solution of purified 2-propanol, CAS 67-63-0, and purified water. The nominal concentration is 75% v/v, with routine lot-release limits of 74.0–76.0% v/v; the remainder is water. The product is not a model-numbered instrument and is identified by packaging part-number constructs such as IPA75-RG/4L, in which the concentration, grade, and container volume are encoded. The parent alcohol has a molecular weight of 60.10 g/mol, a boiling point of 82.5 °C, a density of approximately 0.785 g/mL at 25 °C, and a vapor pressure of approximately 4.4 kPa at 20 °C; the aqueous mixture has higher polarity than the pure alcohol because of the water fraction. Representative packaging includes 1 L, 4 L, 20 L, and 200 L containers. The product is miscible with water, ethanol, and acetone, but it is not a suitable solvent for nonpolar hydrocarbons.
As supplied, the solution is free of added denaturants, stabilizers, and colorants. This is a relevant difference from technical-grade and denatured alcohol products, which may contain methanol, acetone, denatonium benzoate, or other markers that can interfere with UV and LC-MS baselines. The absence of denaturants does not confer a topical pharmaceutical grade, and the product is not intended for use as a drug or disinfectant unless a validated product-specific claim is made under the applicable test method. The ultraviolet cut-off of the parent alcohol is near 205 nm; for spectrophotometric rinse applications the lot-specific absorbance should be checked before use.
The aqueous 75% product contains approximately 25% v/v water, which changes evaporation rate, solvent strength, and material compatibility relative to anhydrous isopropanol. The 99% anhydrous reagent-grade material is used where water cannot be tolerated, such as moisture-sensitive organic synthesis, electronics cleaning, and preparation of nonaqueous reagents. In contrast, the 75% reagent-grade solution is selected when slower evaporation and the presence of water are useful, including dissolution of buffer salts and cleaning of dried aqueous residues.
| Property | 75% Reagent Grade | 99% Anhydrous Reagent | USP Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol concentration | 74.0–76.0% v/v | ≥99.5% v/v | 68–72% v/v |
| Water content | 24–26% v/v | ≤0.2% v/v | 28–32% v/v |
| Typical source control | ACS Reagent Chemicals 2-propanol source and purified water | ACS Reagent Chemicals 2-propanol monograph | USP Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol monograph |
| Primary use context | Laboratory cleaning, reagent preparation, controlled aqueous solvent | Moisture-sensitive synthesis, extraction, electronics cleaning | Topical rubbing, skin preparation |
| Nonvolatile residue control | Inherited from neat reagent alcohol source; lot-specific certificate | Stringently low by monograph limits | Pharmacopeial limits for topical product |
The practical consequence is that 75% reagent-grade isopropanol is selected when water is not detrimental and slower evaporation is beneficial, such as benchtop cleaning or salt dissolution. For moisture-sensitive organic synthesis, anhydrous reagent-grade alcohol is required. For topical antiseptic use, the appropriate product is a pharmacopeial isopropyl rubbing alcohol, not a reagent-grade laboratory solvent. The presence of water also changes the flash point and vapor pressure, which affects storage and ventilation requirements.
A lot-release certificate for the product includes isopropanol assay, density at 20 °C, water content, residue after evaporation, and acidity. Isopropanol is quantitated by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection against a certified reference solution. Water is determined by Karl Fischer titration per ASTM E203. The neat alcohol used to prepare the solution is selected to meet the ACS Reagent Chemicals monograph for 2-propanol, but the final aqueous mixture is not itself a direct ACS monograph item. Residue after evaporation, aldehydes, ketones, and methanol are controlled on the source alcohol; the dilution step does not remove these impurities and can only dilute them. For 20 L and 200 L filling, the solution is recirculated after the final water addition to break density stratification; top- and bottom-port samples are checked by gas chromatography or in-line refractometry before release. Published batch-to-batch field data for 200 L homogenization of this exact 75% grade are limited, so the certificate of analysis is the controlling document for lot-specific results.
| Control parameter | Reference method or standard | Application |
|---|---|---|
| Isopropanol assay | In-house GC-FID against certified reference material | Lot release |
| Water content | ASTM E203 | Lot release |
| Flammability storage | 29 CFR 1910.106, NFPA 30 | Storage and transfer |
| Disinfectant efficacy | EN 13697, ASTM E1153 | Only when product-specific claim exists |
| Pharmacopeial monograph | USP Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol | Not applicable at 75% v/v |
| Neat alcohol source | ACS Reagent Chemicals 2-propanol | Source control |
Residue after evaporation is a critical parameter where surfaces are later analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, or time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The source 2-propanol is controlled for nonvolatile residue, and the purified water used for dilution is typically processed by reverse osmosis and 0.2 µm filtration; general reagent-grade product may not be particle-certified for cleanroom use unless specified. Titratable acidity is reported on the source alcohol; the aqueous solution can absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide during storage and may show a small pH drift if headspace is repeatedly opened. Because no buffer is present, the pH of a 75% v/v alcohol-water mixture is not a strongly buffered value and should not be used as a pH control agent. The absence of stabilizers means that the product has no added peroxide inhibitor; storage under a closed headspace and away from light is preferred.
Because the 75% v/v aqueous isopropanol system evaporates more slowly than 99% isopropanol, it provides longer contact time on surfaces and can reduce rapid evaporative cooling. The concentration is within the 60–80% v/v alcohol range commonly used for surface disinfection, where water contributes to the permeation of hydrated microbial cell walls and the alcohol denatures membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. For cleaning of stainless steel, borosilicate glass, epoxy benchtops, and PTFE surfaces, the product can be applied with lint-free polyester or polypropylene wipes; the surface should remain wet for the site-specified contact time. The material itself is not a certified disinfectant or sterilant under EN 13697 or ASTM E1153 unless the supplier has generated product-specific efficacy data and a label claim. It removes water-soluble salts, light polar oils, and dried buffer residues; heavy hydrocarbon greases, silicone oils, or polymerized organic films generally require a nonpolar solvent pre-clean before the alcohol rinse.
In nucleic acid precipitation, published protocols typically add 0.6–1.0 volume of 100% isopropanol to an aqueous sample. Substitution with 75% isopropanol lowers the final alcohol concentration and can reduce precipitation efficiency; therefore, the product is not a direct replacement for anhydrous isopropanol in that step. It is, however, acceptable as a wash solution for nucleic acid processing accessories and for removal of dried salts from tube racks and pipettors. In histology, 75% isopropanol may be used as an intermediate dehydration step in graded alcohol sequences, but it is not a final dehydrant because the 24–26% v/v water content prevents complete water extraction before xylene or paraffin infiltration. For surface activation by solvent wiping, the product removes ionic contamination and polar organic films from glass, stainless steel, and PTFE; it does not introduce covalent functional groups on polymer surfaces, and plasma, corona, or chemical etching remains necessary for reliable adhesion improvement.
In automated liquid handling systems, the 75% solution is most often used as a wash or purge solvent to remove buffer salts and water-soluble sample residues. Fluid paths constructed from 316L stainless steel, PTFE, PVDF, and fluoroelastomer seals are generally compatible; acrylic, polycarbonate, and some polyurethane components may stress-craze or swell under sustained contact. The product should be degassed before use in piston-driven pipettors because dissolved air can cause metering drift. It is not recommended as a carrier solvent for moisture-sensitive reagents and should not be used in systems containing aluminum wetted parts where the aqueous fraction can promote corrosion. Optical liquid-level and droplet sensors may require recalibration when the alcohol concentration changes refractive index or leaves a transient film after evaporation.
The product is classified as a Class IB flammable liquid under 29 CFR 1910.106 and must be stored and handled according to NFPA 30. It should be kept in closed containers away from strong oxidizers, acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, and alkali metals. 4 L bottles are placed in a flammable storage cabinet rather than on open shelves. 20 L and 200 L containers require secondary containment, grounding, and bonding during transfer. The vapor space can form flammable mixtures with air at ordinary laboratory temperatures; ignition sources such as open flames, spark-producing equipment, and static discharge must be excluded. Ventilation should be sufficient to keep vapor concentrations below 10% of the lower flammable limit for the parent alcohol, which is 2.0% v/v in air. Under the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, waste material may exhibit the characteristic of ignitability under 40 CFR 261.21 and should be managed as hazardous waste. The OSHA permissible exposure limit for isopropanol is 400 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average; local exposure control should be confirmed by air monitoring in high-use areas.
